形容詞從句是在句中起形容詞作用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，通常修飾它前面的名詞或代詞，即它的先行詞。形容詞從句也稱為定語(yǔ)從句(attributive clauses) 或關(guān)系從句（relative clauses）。

非限制性從句_形容詞從句 -定義

非限制性從句_形容詞從句 -限制性和非限制性形容詞從句在意義上的不同

非限制性從句_形容詞從句 -限制性和非限制性形容詞從句在形式上的不同

限制性和非限制性形容詞從句在形式上有非常明顯的區(qū)別：限制性形容詞從句一般不以任何方式與句子的其他部分隔開(kāi)，講話的時(shí)候也沒(méi)有停頓，書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)不用逗號(hào)。而非限制性形容詞從句則經(jīng)常與句子的其他部分隔開(kāi)，講話時(shí)有停頓（或是改變語(yǔ)調(diào)），書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)也要用逗號(hào)。請(qǐng)?jiān)俦容^下面的句子：
--Where’s the money (that) Ilentyou? (限制性形容詞從句) （我借給你的錢(qián)到哪去了？）
--He lent me a thousand pounds, which was exactly the amount I needed to solve my problem. (非限制性形容詞從句) (他借給我一千英鎊，這筆錢(qián)正好可以解決我的問(wèn)題。）如果非限制性從句位于主句之中，則把從句和主句用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，如：
--The treatment, which is being tried by researchers at four hospitals, has helped patients who have failed to respond to other remedies.

非限制性從句_形容詞從句 -限制性和非限制性形容詞從句在文體上的區(qū)別

因?yàn)榉窍拗菩孕稳菰~從句往往顯得冗長(zhǎng)，正式, 所以常用在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中, 口語(yǔ)中很少用。

非限制性從句_形容詞從句 -限制性和非限制性形容詞從句在語(yǔ)法上的區(qū)別

這兩類形容詞從句的區(qū)別已不僅僅是用不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的問(wèn)題，兩者之間還有著重要的語(yǔ)法區(qū)別。
a. 兩種從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法不同
1）非限制性形容詞從句不能用that作關(guān)系代詞。詳見(jiàn)19.2.4 that, which的互換和不可互換。
2）非限制性從句用which作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)有時(shí)可以代替前面的整個(gè)句子，參見(jiàn)19.6。
3）非限制性形容詞從句中的關(guān)系代詞都不能省略，而在限制性從句中，關(guān)系代詞that, which,
whom有時(shí)可以省略。詳見(jiàn)19.3中that, which, whom的省略。
b. 由先行詞來(lái)決定形容詞從句的性質(zhì)
1）一個(gè)先行詞（名詞）如果已由其他修飾語(yǔ)作了完整的表述，就不再用限制性形容詞從句修飾，
但可以用非限制性形容詞從句來(lái)做補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如我們不能說(shuō)：
--*My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.
因?yàn)槊~house已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)代詞修飾語(yǔ)my，它就不能再用一個(gè)限制性形容詞從句來(lái)修飾。這個(gè)句子應(yīng)該改為
--My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
或者保留限制性形容詞從句但去掉代詞修飾語(yǔ)，即：
--The house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.
2）某些先行詞只能跟限制性形容詞從句
非限制性從句的先行詞通常不能是代詞，而限制性的形容詞從句的先行詞可以是（或者含有）any, all, every, some, many, much, no(body), several, those等非特指的限定詞，甚至還可以是人稱代詞 he, she, we（這種用法僅限于正式英語(yǔ)和舊式英語(yǔ)中）。例如：
--In theory anyone who lives or works in the area may be at risk.
--All the students who had failed the test, wanted to try again.
--Every book that is written to deceive the reader should be banned.
--Someone who knows the area, but whose home is outside it, is more likely to be a successful representative.
--Much that has been said tonight will soon be forgotten.
--Nobody who/that watched the match will ever forget it.
--The journey was adisappointmentto those who would have preferred to travel by road.
--He who helps thehandicappeddeserves our support.
… we who are supposed to be so good at talking and writing.
注意，代詞you, they, it一般都不能作先行詞。不能說(shuō)*They who work hard deserve some reward. 而一般改為T(mén)hose who work…
也不能說(shuō)*It that stands over there is a church. 可以改為 What stands over there is a church. 偶
爾，you后接非限制性形容詞從句，如：
--You, to whom I owe allMy Happiness, …
3) 某些先行詞只能跟非限制性形容詞從句
當(dāng)先行詞是表示通常的“獨(dú)一無(wú)二”的含義時(shí)，一般只能用非限制性形容詞從句來(lái)修飾。例如：
--Dr Brown, who lives next door, comes from Australia.
而當(dāng)專有名詞臨時(shí)呈現(xiàn)普通名詞的特點(diǎn)，不是獨(dú)一無(wú)二時(shí)，可接各類限制性修飾語(yǔ)。如：
--Do you mean the Memphis which used to be the capital of Egypt, or the Memphis in Tennessee?
c. 某些句型中只可能出現(xiàn)限制性形容詞從句
1）在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：“it + be + 名詞/ 代詞 + that/ who從句” 中的從句只可能是限制性的形容詞從句。
--It was she who initiated divorce proceedings.
--It was Ann that I saw.
--It’s I who am responsible for the organization.
--It is they who are complaining.
2）在there be句型中出現(xiàn)的形容詞從句也只能是限制性的。注意該句型中的關(guān)系代詞常省略。如：
--There are three reasons why we should support this action.
--In fact there are some strategies which are much more reliable.
--Is there anything you want to tell me?
用此句型強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)否定成分特別常見(jiàn)：
--There’s nothing (that/which) I can do about it.
--There was no way (in which) they could persuade her to try again.

非限制性從句_形容詞從句 -形容詞從句中的關(guān)系詞

形容詞從句的關(guān)系詞同時(shí)兼有兩個(gè)功能，一是它們像其他副詞或代詞一樣，要在從句中作狀語(yǔ)或是作從句動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)或其它成分，另外它們又像其他連接詞一樣，把主句和從句連接起來(lái)。
請(qǐng)看例句：
--What’s the name of the blonde girl who just came in?
句中who just came in是形容詞從句，who是關(guān)系代詞，它代替the blonde girl成為動(dòng)詞came的主語(yǔ)，同時(shí)它又把主句和從句連接成一個(gè)句子。所以理解形容詞從句中的關(guān)系詞就是要明白：一它代替主句中的哪個(gè)部分，二它在從句中充當(dāng)什么成分。 這樣下面的錯(cuò)誤就能避免了：
--*This is the house that my father lived for thirty years. 應(yīng)該改為 This is the house where/ in
which my father lived for thirty years. 因?yàn)殛P(guān)系詞代替的是主句中的the house，但在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z(yǔ)，所以不能用that，改為where 或in which。
形容詞從句的關(guān)系詞一般分為這樣兩類：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。

關(guān)系代詞

包括代人的who, whom，whose, 代物的which以及既可以代人也可以代物的that
用法

a. 關(guān)系代詞在限制性形容詞從句中：
--I don’t like people who/that lose their tempers easily. (who/that代替主句中的people，在從句中作主語(yǔ)。)
--The airline has a booklet that/which tells you most of the important things about a trip to Europe. (that/which代替主句中的a booklet, 在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。)
--The girls whom/ that he employs are always complaining about their pay. (whom/that代替主句中的the girls，在從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞employ的賓語(yǔ)。)
--The bed that/which I slept on has no mattress. (which 代替主句中的the bed, 在從句中作介詞on 的賓語(yǔ)。)
--Let ABC be a triangle whose sides are ofunequallength. (whose代替主句中的 triangle，在從句中作定語(yǔ)修飾sides)
b. 關(guān)系代詞在非限制性形容詞從句中：
--This is Mr. Gallagher, who writes comic poetry. (注意此時(shí)的who不能用that來(lái)替代)
--The giant panda, which is to be found in the remote parts of China, livesexclusivelyon bamboo shoots.
--His house, for which he paid $10,000, is now worth $50,000.
--The small man in the raincoat, whom nobody recognized, turned out to be Olivia’s first husband. (注意whom不能省略, 也不能替換為that)
--Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.

關(guān)系副詞

包括代替時(shí)間的when，代替地點(diǎn)的where以及代替原因且先行詞為reason的why。也有的語(yǔ)法學(xué)家認(rèn)為when, where, why這三個(gè)副詞不過(guò)是代替了指時(shí)間的in/on which， 指地點(diǎn)的in/at which，以及可以指示原因的for which。
--Dan’s fondest memory is of last year, when the club gave a tea party for the Queen Mother. (when代替主句中的last year，相當(dāng)于 in which, 在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。)
--I know a wood where you can find wild strawberries. (where 代替主句中的a wood，相當(dāng)于in which, 在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。)
--Is there any reason why you can not come? (why代替主句中的reason，相當(dāng)于for which，在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。)
--In time we reached a stage where we had more black readers than white ones. (注意where 的先行詞除了地點(diǎn)名詞外，還可以是situation, stage 等詞)

關(guān)于that的特殊用法

a. that替代其他關(guān)系代詞
在限制性形容詞從句中that 是最活躍的一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。它常?？梢源嫫渌P(guān)系代詞（除了 whose），既可指人，也可指物；可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)。口語(yǔ)體中尤其明顯。
--He is the man who/that people like at first sight. （指人，作主語(yǔ)）
--The lawyer whom/who/that I consulted gave me some useful advice. (指人，作賓語(yǔ))
--Could you iron the trousers which/that areHanging Upbehind the door? （指物，作主語(yǔ)）
--The school which/ that my children attend is within walking distance. （指物，作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)）
--The ladder which/ that I was standing on began to slip. (指物，作介詞賓語(yǔ)。注意只能說(shuō)The ladder on which I was…

b. 從句連接詞只能選用that
先行詞前如果有限定詞all, any(thing), every(thing), (a) few, (a) little, no(thing), none, only, some (thing), very或含有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)等修飾時(shí)，其后的關(guān)系代詞通常要用that。如果這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也可以省略。如：
--All that he has ever said confirms my suspicions of his motives. (= What he has ever said…)
--All the apples that fall areeatenby the pigs.
--Have you got anything that belongs to me? (= Have you got what belongs to me?)
--I advise you to accept any offer you receive.
--I hope that the little that I’ve been able to do has been of some use. (= I hope what I’ve…)
--The only thing that matters is to find our way home. (= What matters…)
--That’s the very film that I want to see.
--I’ll speak to her the first opportunity I have.
--The visiting room was the worst (that) I had seen.
--She must be one of the most remarkable women that ever lived.
c. 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的連接詞that
限制性形容詞從句中，當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)表示特征的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，該從句用that而不是who來(lái)引導(dǎo)。
此時(shí)的that也可以省略。
--She’s not the brilliant dancer (that) she used to be.
…the distinguished actress that she later became.
--That was the kind of person she was.
(在非限制從句中，則用which來(lái)引導(dǎo), 如：Theyaccusedhim of being atraitor, which he was. )

關(guān)于that 和which的互換和不可互換

如果先行詞是物，which和that在限制性形容詞從句中大都可以互換，但在非限制性形容詞從句中不能用that。例如我們可以說(shuō)：
--TheWHISKYthat/ which hedranklast night cost him eight pounds.
但是，在非限制性形容詞從句中，
--I passed him a large glass of whisky, which he drank immediately. 不能說(shuō)成*…whisky, that he drank…
另外，which在非限制性形容詞從句中可以代替前面整個(gè)分句或句子（具體用法參見(jiàn)19.6）, which也可以用在“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)（參見(jiàn)19.5.1）。這兩種情形下的which都不能用that替換。

who 和whom的區(qū)別

這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞的先行詞都是人，但它們的區(qū)別并不與人稱代詞主格和賓格的區(qū)別相對(duì)應(yīng)。其實(shí)who, whom主要是文體上的區(qū)別：whom大致上限用于正式文體，在非正式文體中，人們有避免使
用whom的傾向，可以用who，that來(lái)代替whom，但這些關(guān)系代詞通常都被省略。
--People (that) I visit/ speak to… 就比People whom I visit/ speak to…更多見(jiàn)于口語(yǔ)中。
以下例句中，如果選用whom則表示文體較正式，如果選用who, that或是干脆省略關(guān)系代詞，則文體屬于非正式。
--The lawyer (whom/ who/ that) I consulted gave me some useful advice.
--That’s the man who (m) I saw talking to your parents.
--I think you should stay faithful to the person (whom/who/that) you’re married to.
但是注意:在介詞后的只能是whom而不能是who，如不能說(shuō)*This is the person to who you spoke. 而是This is the person to whom you spoke. （具體用法參見(jiàn)19.5中“介詞+ whom”）。

whose 的用法

whose與其它關(guān)系代詞一樣在從句中都能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分，表示所屬關(guān)系，whose象his, her 或its這樣的形容詞性物主代詞一樣與名詞連用, whose充當(dāng)該名詞的定語(yǔ)。在形容詞從句中（包括限制性與非限制性形容詞從句），“whose + 名詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以用作主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)。另外請(qǐng)注意whose既可指人也可指物。例如:
--The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
--In Wasdale there is a mysterious dark lake, whose depth has never been measured.
--It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.
--According to Cook , whose book is published on Thursday, most disasters are avoidable.
--This is Felicity, whose sister you met last week.
在先行詞是非人稱的情況下，有某種避免使用whose的趨勢(shì)。有時(shí)用of which代替whose指物，詞序一般是“名詞+of which”。
--He’s written a book whose name / the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (另參見(jiàn)19.5.2)
或者改用介詞詞組，如:
--The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired. 改為T(mén)he house with the damaged roof has now been repaired.

why

雖然說(shuō)用why引導(dǎo)的形容詞從句可以用來(lái)修飾先行詞reason,可是the reason why在語(yǔ)義上顯得重復(fù)，人們普遍使用的是省略why或是換用名詞性從句。如：
--Is that the reason why they came? 通常說(shuō)成：
--Is that the reason they came? 或Is that why they came?

關(guān)系代詞that 和which 的省略

在限制性形容詞從句中，關(guān)系代詞that, which作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常常被省略，口語(yǔ)體中尤其如此。
--The ladder (that/ which) I was standing on began to slip.
--The car (that/which) I hired broke down after five kilometers.
--This is the room (that/which) Churchill was born.
限制性形容詞從句可以修飾一些感嘆性名詞短語(yǔ)(一般表示不贊同)，此時(shí)的從句關(guān)系代詞通常也省略。如：
--The fuss they made!
--The things they get up to!
--The clothes she wears!
在表明方式、時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的某些單詞后面，常用that代替in which, when或where。此時(shí)that也可以省略。
--I didn’t like the way (that) she spoke to me.
--The day (when/that ) she arrived at the congress was sunny.
--Things have changed a great deal since the last time you were here.
--Throughout the period I was in London, it rained heavily.
--The moment (when) you do something they disagree with they are at your throat…
--Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?

形容詞從句的縮簡(jiǎn)形式

形容詞從句通?？梢杂腥N縮簡(jiǎn)方式：動(dòng)詞-ing形式 ，動(dòng)詞-ed形式以及介詞短語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)注意，縮簡(jiǎn)之后的短語(yǔ)或分句并不一定依然作定語(yǔ)修飾原來(lái)的先行詞，很多時(shí)候它們可以作狀語(yǔ)。還有，可以縮簡(jiǎn)為短語(yǔ)的形容詞從句必須是:從句的關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語(yǔ)。
縮減為V-ing形式 / -ed形式
a. 形容詞從句在下列情況可縮簡(jiǎn)為動(dòng)詞-ing形式
1) 從句中的動(dòng)詞是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
--People who are/were waiting for the bus often shelter/shelteredin my doorway. 縮簡(jiǎn)成
--People waiting for the bus…
--He gestured towards the three cards that were lying on the tables. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--He gestured to the three cards lying on the tables.
--The bride, who was smiling happily, chatted to the guests. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--The bride, smiling happily, chatted to the guests. (-ing短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ))
--the scream of a man who is/ was dying in torment 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--the scream of a man dying in torment
-ing形式可以有被動(dòng)態(tài)，表示被動(dòng)進(jìn)行，例如：
--Reports that are being written by mycolleaguewill be discussed tomorrow. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--Reports being written by my colleague …
2) 從句中的動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)習(xí)慣性或連續(xù)性的動(dòng)作：
--Passengers who travel/ traveled in this bus buy/ bought their tickets in books. 縮簡(jiǎn)成；
--Passengers travelling in this bus…
--A notice which warns/ warned people… 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--A notice warning people…
--Anyone who/that followed this advice could find himself in trouble. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--Anyone following this advice could find himself in trouble.
3) 從句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~表示一種愿望，即句中動(dòng)詞是wish, desire, want, hope等（但不是like），例如：
--people who wish / wished to go on the tour 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--people wishing to go on the tour
--fans who hope/ hoped for aglimpseof the star 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--fans hoping for a glimpse of the star
4) 從句中的動(dòng)詞是某些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞
--awickershopping-basket that /which containsgroceries縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--a wicker shopping-basket containing groceries
--It was a mixture that consists of oil and vinegar. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--It was a mixture consisting of oil and vinegar.
--This is a liquid that resembles that of soapy water. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--This is a liquid with a taste resembling that of soapy water.
5) 非限制性形容詞從句中如果是上述動(dòng)詞之一或者是表示知道、考慮的任何動(dòng)詞（例如know, think, believe, expect）
--John, who knew that his wife was expecting a baby, started to take a course on baby care.
縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--John, knowing that his wife was expecting a baby, …
--Peter, who thought the journey would took two days, said… 縮簡(jiǎn)成；
--Peter, thinking the journey would take two days, said…
--Tom, who expected to be paid the following week, offered… 縮簡(jiǎn)成；
--Tom, expecting to be paid the following week, offered…
--Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, took her to… 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--Bill, wanting to make an important impression on Ann, took her to…
6) 表示同位的形容詞從句
--She enjoys her job, which is teaching English. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--She enjoys her job, teaching English.
--Julia, who was a nun, spent much of her life in prayer an meditation. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--Julia, being a nun, …
--The baby would probably not live to grow up, who was a scrawny little thing, unlikely to survive the normal ailments of childhood. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--…, being a scrawny little thing, …
b. 形容詞從句縮簡(jiǎn)為動(dòng)詞-ing形式后并不一定表示進(jìn)行形容詞從句縮簡(jiǎn)為動(dòng)詞-ing形式并不總是表示進(jìn)行．在許多情況下-ing形式只是表示主動(dòng)。也就是說(shuō)一個(gè)-ing短語(yǔ)可以代替多個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。如：
--The person writing reports is my colleague. = The person who will write/ will be writing/ writes/ is writing/ wrote/ was writing reports is my colleague.
即形容詞從句中處于不同時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞詞組write reports都可以替換為同一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)writing reports。
c. 形容詞從句縮簡(jiǎn)為動(dòng)詞-ing形式后并不一定是定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)替換了原來(lái)的形容詞從句后并不一定還作定語(yǔ)，它們也可以作狀語(yǔ)。如：
--The apple tree, which wasSwayinggently in the breeze, was a reminder of old times. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, … (作狀語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明the apple tree)
--The crowd, who were laughing and shrieking, rushed under the nearest trees. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--Laughing and shrieking, the crowd rushed under the nearest trees. （作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨）
d. 替換限制性形容詞從句的-ing短語(yǔ)通常不能用完成體，如：
--The man who has won the race is my brother. 不能替換為
--*The man having won the race is my brother.
e. 形容詞從句縮簡(jiǎn)為一個(gè)帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的-ing短語(yǔ)
有時(shí)，形容詞從句可以替換為一個(gè)帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的-ing短語(yǔ)，例如：
--He began hitting them with his stick, whose reply had not come as quickly as he wanted 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--…, their reply not having come as quickly as he wanted..
--Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some of which have a life-expectancyof around twenty years. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--…, some having a life-expectancy of around twenty years.
f. 形容詞從句縮簡(jiǎn)為否定的-ing短語(yǔ)
否定形式的-ing短語(yǔ)也可以代替形容詞從句，例如：
--He, who did not wish to boast, paused. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--He paused, not wishing to boast.
--He, who had not seen her for fifteen years or so, failed to recognize her at first. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--He failed to recognize her at first, not having seen her for fifteen years or so.
g. 形容詞從句中的主動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)態(tài)，即先行詞是該動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作的結(jié)果或承受者，則可以用-ed短語(yǔ)替代形容詞從句。-ed短語(yǔ)直接置于名詞（先行詞）之后。
--a girl who is/ was called Patricia 縮簡(jiǎn)成：a girl called Patricia
--those who are/have been/ were/ had been assembled 縮簡(jiǎn)成：those assembled
--two of the problems that have been mentioned above 縮簡(jiǎn)成；two of the problems mentioned above
--The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--…, discovered almost by accident, …
--The novels of Mary Webb, which were praised by Stanley Baldwin and were so popular in the 30s, and so popular in the 30s, were great favorites of mine. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--…, praised by Stanley Baldwin…
--She who was surprised at my reaction tried to console me. 縮簡(jiǎn)成：
--Surprised at my reaction, she tried to console me.
h. 一個(gè)

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