愛(ài)華網(wǎng)郭老師講語(yǔ)法——賓語(yǔ)從句
在之前對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句的學(xué)習(xí)中，我們了解了“主謂賓”這種結(jié)構(gòu)。先來(lái)回顧一下，比如“他打我”這個(gè)中文句子，這句話應(yīng)該很好理解，“他”是主語(yǔ)，是整句話中陳述的對(duì)象（往往由代詞或名詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)）；“打”是謂語(yǔ)，是主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作；“我”是賓語(yǔ)，用在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面。那么，把這句話翻譯成英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)？_____________________來(lái)分析一下吧！句中的________是主語(yǔ)，________是動(dòng)詞，作謂語(yǔ)，而_______是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象（或者說(shuō)是行為的承受者），是賓語(yǔ)。
那么，什么是從句呢？還是先從簡(jiǎn)單句來(lái)理解。簡(jiǎn)單句表示句子中只包含一個(gè)主謂賓。從句就是一句話當(dāng)中包含兩個(gè)句子，也就是兩個(gè)主謂賓。賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中起賓語(yǔ)作用，是中考重要考點(diǎn)之一。對(duì)于賓語(yǔ)從句的考查，常是關(guān)于賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞（連接詞）、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)序。簡(jiǎn)析如下：
概述 | 考試要點(diǎn) | 簡(jiǎn) 要 分 析 |
賓語(yǔ)從句 | 從句中的語(yǔ)序 | 陳述句語(yǔ)序 |
連接詞的用法 | 由that引導(dǎo) | |
由whether, if引導(dǎo) | ||
由what，who，whose，which引導(dǎo) | ||
由where，when，why，how引導(dǎo) | ||
否定前移 | 主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think，believe時(shí) | |
從句的簡(jiǎn)化 | 復(fù)合句變?yōu)楹?jiǎn)單句 | |
從句中的時(shí)態(tài) | 主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定 | |
主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去的對(duì)應(yīng)的某種時(shí)態(tài) | ||
從句表示客觀事實(shí)或真理，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) |
考點(diǎn)一：賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)序
1、賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)
（1）如果從句是現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)），那么，賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。如：
①“Iknow my parents care about me,” he says.他說(shuō)：“我知道我父母關(guān)心我?！?/p>
②Now inChina, he has found that his family ____________ a tall tree withlong roots.
現(xiàn)在在中國(guó)，他已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家庭就像長(zhǎng)有很長(zhǎng)樹(shù)根的一棵大樹(shù)。
③I amwriting to say that I am against ____________ (build) a new zoo inour town.
我寫(xiě)信要說(shuō)的是我反對(duì)在我們的鎮(zhèn)上建一個(gè)新的動(dòng)物園。
④Iremember that he _______________________(給了我一本書(shū))yesterday.
⑤He hastold me that he’ll leave for New York tomorrow.
他已告訴我明天他要____________紐約了。
（2）如果主句是過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)），爸媽賓語(yǔ)從句要用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)）。如：
①I(mǎi)n1991, Hepburn discovered that she had cancer.1991年，赫本發(fā)現(xiàn)她得了癌癥。
②Did youknow that tea, the most popular drink in the world (after tea), wasinvented by accident? 你知道茶，這個(gè)世界上最大眾化的飲料(僅次于水)，是__________被發(fā)明的嗎？
③When Ifirst ate in a western restaurant, I didn’t know what I wassupposed to do.
我第一次在西餐廳吃飯時(shí)，都不知道_____________________。
④He toldme that he __________ (will) take part in the highjump.
⑤Sheasked me if I _______________ (已經(jīng)拿了)her soap.
（3）如果賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是客觀事實(shí)或真理，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：
He toldme that the earth ________ (go) around the sun.
Didn’tyour teacher tell you the moon ________ (be) smaller than thesun?
2、賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序
賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。在把兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子連成一個(gè)含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句時(shí)，要特別注意從句的語(yǔ)序，即按照主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)的順序。但要注意，當(dāng)連接詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，原問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序不變。如：
① Where is Tom from? Do you know?→Do you know whereTom is from?
② Who made you angry? Can you tell me?→Can you tell me whomade you angry?
③“What is thematter with Tom?” Mary asked me.
→Mary asked me whatwas the matter with Tom.
【真題鏈接】
1. (2013濱州)—Hi,Bruce. Here is a letter for you.
—Thanks. Iwonder ________.
A. who the letter wasfromB. who was from the letter
C. who was the letterfromD. who from the letter was
2. (2013麗水)—I’m going to buy acar. Any advice, Charlie?
—Well, it depends on________. If money isn’t the problem, you can buy aBMW.
A. when you will buyoneB. how much you can afford
C. what colour youlikeD. where you are driving
3. (2013北京)—Can you tell me________ the prize, Tom?
—Lastyear.
A. when yougotB. when did you get
C. whenwill yougetD. when you will get
4. (2013蕪湖)—Couldyou tell me ________?
—Youcan take No. 16 bus.
A.how can we get to the OlympicPark B. how we can get to theOlympic Park
C. how did we get to theOlympicParkD. how we got to the Olympic Park
考點(diǎn)二：賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞(連接詞)
引導(dǎo)詞 | 引導(dǎo)詞的作用 | 例句 |
that | 本身無(wú)意義，只起連接作用，口語(yǔ)中可省略 | He said (that) his sister was good at cooking. |
what，which，who， whose，whom等 | 在從句中作一定的成分，如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等 | I don’t know what you are going to do. Jerry asked me whose schoolbag it was. |
when (表時(shí)間)， where (表地點(diǎn))， why (表原因)， how (表方式) 等連接副詞 | 在從句中作狀語(yǔ) | Could you tell me where you went last Friday? Do you know how we can find his new home? I wonder why he won’t come here tomorrow. |
if /whether | 意為“是否”，不作句子成分，但不能省略 | He asked me if / whether Leo was a lawyer. I wonder whether he likes maths or not. |
1、當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)。如：
Eventhe teacher agreed that Martin was ____________ histime.
甚至老師也認(rèn)同馬丁在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
【友情提示】引導(dǎo)詞that用于下列情況時(shí)不可省略：
①當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是that時(shí)。如：Hesays that that is a useful book.
②當(dāng)從句前有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：Itsays, on a card, that it is made inItaly.
③當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中含有主從復(fù)合句時(shí)。如：
Our teachers believethat if we did that, we would concentrate more on ourclothes than our studies. 我們的老師認(rèn)為如果我們那樣做的話，我們會(huì)把更多的精力放在衣服上而不是學(xué)習(xí)上。
④當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句由并列連詞連接時(shí)，除第一個(gè)從句中的that可以省略外，其余從句中的that都不可以省略。如：
He said (that) the filmwas very interesting and that he enjoyed seeing itvery much.
他說(shuō)這部電影非常有趣，并且他非常喜歡看。
2、含疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣的句子構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)用whether或if連接，句尾的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)取決于主句。如：
①Do youlike watching TV? He asked me.
→Heasked me if / whether ______________ watching TV.
②I don’t _________if it’s something I don’t need. 我不介意它是否是我不需要的東西。
【友情提示】何時(shí)只用whether而不用if？
①直接與ornot連用時(shí)，用whether，不用if。例如：
Ididn’t say whether or not he’ll be_____________________. 我沒(méi)說(shuō)她是否呆在家里。
Can youtell me whether the train has left or not?你能否告訴我火車(chē)是不是已經(jīng)開(kāi)了?
②所引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whether，不用if。例如：
I worryabout whether I hurt her feelings. 我擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情。
Ihaven’t settled the question of whether I’ll__________________. 我是否回家還沒(méi)定。
③引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，從句置于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，用whether，不用if。例如：
Whether this istrue (or not), I can’t tell. 這是不是真的，我不能_________。
Whetherit is a defect or not，I don’t quiteknow. 這是不是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，我不知道。
④和動(dòng)詞不定式連用時(shí)，用whether，不用if。例如：
I don’tknow whether to __________ or __________.我不知道是接受還是拒絕。
I don’tknow whether to see my doctor today. 我不知道今天是否去看醫(yī)生。
⑤引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句位于句首用whether，不用if。例如：
Whethershe comes or not doesn’t concern me. 還是不來(lái)與我無(wú)關(guān)。
Whethershe likes the present is not clear to me.她是否喜歡那件禮物我____________。
=It is not clear to me whether/if she likes thepresent.
(但用it作形式主語(yǔ)，將主語(yǔ)從句置于后面時(shí)，whether和if可以換用。)
⑥引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用whether，不用if。例如：
Hisfirst question was whether Holmes ________________yet.
它的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是福爾摩斯是否已經(jīng)到了。
My mainproblem right now is whether I should ask for anotherloan.
目前我的主要問(wèn)題是我是否應(yīng)當(dāng)要求別的貸款。
⑦引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，作“不管”解時(shí)，用whether，不用if。例如：
I’llstart tomorrow, whether he asks me or not.不管他要不要我去，反正我明天就動(dòng)身。
Whetheryou like it or not, you’ll ____________ (must / have to) doit.
不管你愿不愿意，你都得做這件事。
⑧在容易造成歧義的情況下，如表達(dá)“是否”的意思時(shí)，最好用whether，避免用if。如：
Let me know whetheryou are coming. 你來(lái)還是不來(lái)，通知我一聲。
如用if，則有兩層意思。如：Letme know if you are coming. 可理解為：你來(lái)還是不
來(lái)，通知我一聲。也可理解為：你如果來(lái)的話，通知我一聲。前者是賓語(yǔ)從句，后者則是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
⑨在discuss后面只能跟whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
Wediscussed whether we should close the .
A. can I join in thegroup-buyingB. did I join in the group-buying
C. I can join in thegroup-buyingD. I joined in the group-buying
6. (2013連云港)—Excuseme. Can you tell me ________?
—Atabout 8 o’clock, sir.
A. whattime the plane will reachBeijing
B. whattime will the plane arrive in Beijing
C. whattime the plane will arrive Beijing
D. whattime will the plane get to Beijing
7. People in Yancheng are proud of ________ theyhave achieved in the past thirty years.
A.howB.whichC.whatD. when
8. Hesaid ________he would come back in a week.
A. whenB. whatC. thatD. why
9. Doyou know ________ I saw yesterday? It was my favorite star,Jackie!
A.whomB.whenC.whereD. how
10. There are no words to describe ________ I miss myhometown.
A. howmuchB. howmanyC. howsoonD. how long
賓語(yǔ)從句專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)
參考答案
1-5AAACC6-10 ACCAA
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