高考英語常用詞匯辨析
damage; destroy;ruin;spoil這三個詞都有“破壞;損壞”的意思,區(qū)別如下:
1、damage意為“損壞、破壞”。它可用于表示損壞或破壞具體的物品,一般暗示損壞后價值或效益會降低,這種損壞是部分性的,通常指損壞的程度不那么嚴(yán)重,還可以修復(fù)再用。也可用于表示損壞抽象的東西,有時該詞也用于借喻。如:
⑴The car was not damaged badly inthe accident, but five people were seriouslyhurt.汽車在事故中損壞不嚴(yán)重,但卻有五個人受了重傷。
⑵The earthquake damaged severalbuildings.地震使一些建筑受到了破壞。
⑶Her heart was slightly damaged asa result of her long illness.長期生病使她的心臟受到輕度損傷。
⑷What they said and did damage therelations between the two countries.他們的言行損害了這兩個國家之間的關(guān)系。
⑸The storm did a lot of damage tothe crops.暴風(fēng)雨使莊稼受到了很大損失。
⑹Smoking has damaged his healthbadly.吸煙嚴(yán)重地損害了他的健康。
Soft wood damageseasily.軟木容易損壞。
damage還可用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如:
⑺The earthquake did a lot ofdamages to the city.這場地震給這座城市帶來了巨大的破壞。
⑻An earthquake sometimes causesgreat damage.地震有時造成重大損失。
do damage to損害, 破壞
cause damage to損害, 破壞
2、destroy ,為常用詞,指“劇烈地破壞”、“使之不存在”或“使之失去效能”,“破壞;摧毀;消滅;毀滅”,通常指程度非常嚴(yán)重的“毀壞”,一般情況下不可以修復(fù)再用。另外,它既可表示毀壞具體的物品,也可表示毀壞抽象的東西;。打破(希望,計劃), 使失敗,如:;
①That town was destroyed in a bigfire.那個城鎮(zhèn)在一場大火中被毀了。
②The Nazi wanted to destroypeople's hopes, but in the end what was destroyed was the Nazi'sdream by the power ofpeople.納粹想摧毀人民的希望,最終是納粹的夢想被人民的力量所摧毀。
③The fire destroyed all mybooks.這場大火毀了我的全部書籍。
④The houses were destroyed by afire [a flood, an earthquake].房屋被火災(zāi)[水災(zāi), 地震]所毀。
⑤The heavy rain destroyed all hopeof a picnic.大雨打破了野餐的一切希望。
⑥The enemy destroyed thecity.敵人破壞了這座城市。
3、ruin多用于借喻之中,有時泛指一般性的破壞,指把某物損壞到了不能再使用的程度。使破產(chǎn),如:
①My new coat isruined.我的外套不能再穿了。
②The rain will ruin thecrops.這雨會把莊稼毀掉的。
③I was ruined by that law case;I'm a ruined man我被那場官司毀了,我破產(chǎn)了。
④He knocked over a bottle of inkand ruined the table cloth.他打翻了一瓶墨水把桌布弄臟了。
⑤She poured water all over mypainting, and ruined it.她把水全倒在了我的畫上,把畫毀了。
⑥I was ruined by that lawcase.我被那場官司搞得傾家蕩產(chǎn)。
慣用法:
be the ruinof成為...毀滅[墮落]的原因
bring sb. to ruin使某人失敗;使傾家蕩產(chǎn)
bring ruin upononeself自取滅亡
come to ruin毀滅, 滅亡; 崩潰;破壞掉
fall to ruin毀滅, 滅亡; 崩潰;破壞掉
go to ruin毀滅, 滅亡; 崩潰;破壞掉
in ruins成為廢墟
ruin oneself毀掉自己
in ruins成為廢墟,遭到嚴(yán)重破壞
Gambling was his ruin[the ruinof him].賭博是他墮落的原因。
4、Spoil vt. (spoilt,spoiled)損壞[害], 損傷; 弄壞, 弄臟, 糟踢; 搞糟;;使無用;破壞,寵壞,溺愛; 姑息
①Our holidays were spoilt by badweather.我們假日的樂趣被惡劣天氣所破壞。
②They spoil theirchildren.他們寵壞了他們的孩子們。
③The rain has spoilt mypainting.雨水毀了我的畫。
④Mankind is warned to stopspoiling the environment.人類受到警告不能再污染環(huán)境。

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