生命科學(xué)——動物行為TPO4Lecture1

Pre-listening

STEP1知識預(yù)熱

Displacement activitiesoccur when an animal experiences high motivation for two or moreconflicting behaviors: the resulting displacement activity isusually unrelated to the competing motivations. Birds, for example,may peck at grass when uncertain whether to attack or flee from anopponent; similarly, a human may scratch his or her head when theydo not know which of two options to choose. Displacement activitiesmay

alsooccur when animals are prevented from performing a single behaviorfor which they are highly motivated. Displacement activities ofteninvolve actions which bring comfort to the animal such asscratching, preening, drinking or feeding.

STEP2層次預(yù)熱

First-listening

STEP3試題演練

1. Whatis the lecture mainly about?

A.Method s of observing unusual animal behavior.

B. Atheory about ways birds attract mates.

C. Waysanimals behave when they have conflicting drives.

D.Criteria for classifying animal behaviors.

【解題要點】：主旨題必須要包含本文的核心詞或核心詞的同義改寫

2.Indicate whether each of the activities below describes adisplacement activity.

Click in the correct boxfor each phrase.

【解題要點】：師生互動處為常見的托福出題點

3. Whatdoes the professor say about disinhibition?

A. Itcan prevent displacement activities from occurring.

B. Itcan cause animals to act on more than one drive at atime.

C. It isnot useful for explaining many types of displacementactivities.

D. It isresponsible for the appearance of seemingly irrelevantbehavior.

【解題要點】：機考屏幕上出現(xiàn)了學(xué)科詞匯并且教授給予詳細講解處必考

4.According to the lecture, what is one possible reason thatdisplacement activities are often grooming behaviors?

A.Grooming may cause an enemy or predator to be confused.

B.Grooming is a convenient and accessible behavior.

C.Grooming often occurs before eating and drinking.

D.Grooming is a common social activity.

【解題要點】：師生互動處為常見的托福出題點

5. Whydoes the professor mention the wood thrush?

A. Tocontrast its displacement activities with those of other animalsspecies.

B. Toexplain that some animals display displacement activities otherthan grooming

C. Topoint out how displacement activities are influenced by theenvironment.

D. Tofive an example of a n animal that does not display displacementactivities.

【解題要點】：出現(xiàn)舉例處多會考察目的類題目

6.Replay: What does the professor mean when she says this?

A. Sheis impressed by how much the student knows aboutredirecting.

B. Shethinks it is time to move on to the next part of thislectures.

C. Thestudent’s answer is not an example of a displacementactivity.

D. Thestudent should suggest a different animal behavior to discussnext.

【解題要點】：某一句話的隱含態(tài)度是復(fù)聽題的重要考點

STEP4詞語積累

助聽詞匯匯總

engagingin 從事于

conflicted沖突，矛盾

irrelevant不相干的

inappropriate不切當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

makessense 講的通

circumstances環(huán)境

confronting theobject 面對這個東西

drive=urge驅(qū)動

inhibit=hold back抑制

getting ina way 阻礙

accessible可接近的

stimulus刺激

getruffled 鳥受驚而羽毛豎立的

tidythemselves up 整理他們自己

學(xué)科詞匯匯總

matingritual 交配行為

grooming修飾打扮

feeding吃、進食

bird’sfeather 鳥的羽毛

animal’sfur 動物的皮毛

horizontalbranch水平的樹枝

verticalbranch垂直的樹枝

breastfeathers胸部的羽毛

Second-listening

STEP5文章自測

Professor

Ok, thenext kind of animal behavior I want to talk about might betoyou. You may have seen, for example, a bird that’s in the middle ofa,and suddenly it stops and preens, you know, takes a few moments toitsfeathers, and then returns to the.This kind of behavior, this doing something that seems,is what we call a ‘Displacement Activity’. Displacement activitiesare activities that animal’swhenthey have conflicting.If we take our example from a minute ago, if the bird isitsmate, it’s conflicted. It wants to mate but it’s also afraid andwants to.So, instead, it starts grooming itself. So, the displacementactivity, the grooming, theofits feathers, seems to be an.So, what do you think another example of a displacement activitymight be?

Karl

How aboutan animal that, um, instead ofitsenemy or running away, itaplant or a bush?

Professor

That’sreally good suggestion, Karl. But that’s called ‘redirecting’. Theanimal is redirecting its behavior to another, in this case, the plantor the.But that’s not an irrelevant or inappropriate behavior. Thebehavior.It’s appropriate under the.But what doesn’t make sense is the object the behavior‘s directedtowards. Ok, who else? Carol?

Carol

I think Iread in another class about anwherean object that the animal was afraid of was put next to its food –next to the animal’s food. And the animal, it was conflictedbetweentheobject and eating the food, so instead, it just.Like that?

Professor

That’sexactly what I mean. Displacementbecausethe animal’s got two conflicting drives – two competing,in this case, fear and hunger. And what happens is, theyeachother, they cancel each other out in a way, and a third seeminglyirrelevant behaviorthrougha process that we call ‘Disinhibition’. Now in disinhibition, thebasic idea is that two drives that

seem toinhibit, to,a third drive. Or, well, they’reofeach in a… in a conflict situation andsomehow, lose their inhibitingonthat third behavior, which means that the third drive surfaces,it’s expressed in the animal’s behavior. Now, these displacementactivities can include,drinking, grooming, even sleeping. These are what we call ‘ComfortBehavior’. So why do you think displacement activities are so oftencomfort behaviors, such as?

Karl

Maybebecause it’s easy for them to do? I mean, grooming is like one ofthe mostthingsan animal can do. It’s something they do all the time, and theyhave therightthere on the outside of their bodies in order to do the grooming,or if food is rightthem.,they don’t have to think very much about thosebehaviors.

Carol

Professor,isn’t it possible that animals groom because they’ve got messed upa little from fighting or mating? I mean if a bird’s feathers getorananimal’s, maybe it’s not so strange for them to stop andthemselvesup at that point.

Professor

That’sanother possible reason although it doesn’t necessarily explainother behaviors such as eating, drinking or sleeping. What’sinteresting is that studies have been done that suggest that theanimal’s environment may play a part inwhatkind of behavior it.For example, there’s a bird, the ‘wood thrush’, anyway, when the‘wood thrush’ is in an attack-escape

, that is,it’s caught between the two urges to escape from or to,if it’s sitting on ahorizontalbranch, it’ll wipe its beak on its perch. If it’s sitting on abranch,it’ll groom its.The immediate environment of the bird, its,um, its relationship to its immediate environment seems toinwhich behavior will display.

After-listening

STEP6擴展知識

Mating動物交配

Inbiology, mating is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphroditicorganisms, usually for the purposes of sexual reproduction. Somedefinitions limit the term to pairing between animals, while otherdefinitions extend the term to mating in plants and fungi.Fertilization is the fusion of both sex cell or gamete. Copulationis the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animalsfor insemination and subsequent internal fertilization. Mating mayalso lead to external fertilization, as seen in amphibians, fishesand plants. For the majority of species, mating is between twoindividuals of opposite sexes. However, for some hermaphroditicspecies, copulation is not required because the parent organism iscapable of self-fertilization (autogamy); for example, bananaslugs.

Disinhibition抑制解除

Inpsychology, disinhibition is a lack of restraint manifested indisregard for social conventions, impulsivity, and poor riskassessment. Disinhibition affects motor, instinctual, emotional,cognitive, and perceptual aspects with signs and symptoms similarto the diagnostic criteria for mania. Hypersexuality, hyperphagia,and aggressive outbursts are indicative of disinhibited instinctualdrives.

Comfortbehaviours慰藉行為

Comfortbehaviours in animals are activities that help maintain the pelage,feathers, integuement or musculoskeletal system and increase thephysical comfort of the animal. They are a subset of maintenancebehaviours which also include activities such as feeding, drinkingand elimination.

答案與講解

STEP3

1.C

【答案解析】：本文核心詞為displacementactivity，選項中的waysanimals behave when have conflicting drives為其同義改寫。

2. NYYN

【答案解析】：詞條1根據(jù)男生回答可知不是displacementactivity錯；詞條2及詞條3為女生及教授的舉例為正確答案；詞條4并未提及，錯。

3. D

【答案解析】：根據(jù)原文“Or,well, they’re getting in a way of each in a… in a conflictsituation and somehow lose control, lose their inhibiting effect onthat third behavior, which means that the third drive surfaces,it’s expressed in the animal’s behavior.”可知

4. B

【答案解析】：根據(jù)原文“Maybebecause it’s easy for them to do? I mean, grooming is like one ofthe most accessible things an animal can do. It’s something they doall the time, and they have the stimulus right there on the outsideof their bodies in order to do the grooming, or if food is right infront of them. Basically, they don’t have to think very much aboutthose behaviors.”可知

5. C

【答案解析】：文章中之所以出現(xiàn)woodthrush舉例，是因為前方教授剛提出“What’sinteresting is that studies have been done that suggest that theanimal’s environment may play a part in determining what kind ofbehavior it displays.”

6. C

【答案解析】：“That’s reallygood suggestion, Karl. But that’s called‘redirecting’.”一個but暗示男生所提的例子不對，教授沒有直白的說出來，此題為隱含態(tài)度的考察。

STEP5

familiar,mating ritual, straighten, mating ritual, completely out of place,engaging in, drives, run away, straightening, irrelevantbehavior,

fighting,attacks

object,bush, makes sense, circumstances

experiment, confronting,fell asleep

occurs,urges, inhibit, surfaces, hold back, getting in a way, lostcontrol, effect, feeding, grooming

accessible, stimulus, infront of, basically

ruffled,fur, tidy

determining, displays,conflict, attack, vertical, feathers, immediate, play apart

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