http://thinkexist.com/quotes/michel_foucault/2.html
Power is not an institution, and not astructure; neither is it a certain strength we are endowed with; itis the name that one attributes to a complex strategicalsituation in a particular society.
The work of an intellectual is not to mould thepolitical will of others; it is, through the analyses that he doesin his own field, to re-examine evidence and assumptions,to shake up habitual ways of working and thinking, to dissipateconventional familiarities, to re-evaluate rules and institutionsand to participate in the formation of a political will(where he has his role as citizen to play).
The judges of normality are present everywhere.We are in the society of the teacher-judge, the doctor-judge, theeducator-judge, the "social worker" -judge.
In its function, the power to punish is not essentiallydifferent from that of curing or educating.
The strategic adversary is fascism... the fascism in us all, inour heads and in our everyday behavior, the fascism thatcauses us to love power, to desire the very thing that dominatesand exploits us.
What strikes me is the fact that in our society, art hasbecome something which is only related to objects, and not toindividuals, or to life.
As the archaeology of our thought easily shows, man isan invention of recent date. And one perhaps nearing itsend.
If repression has indeed been the fundamental link betweenpower, knowledge, and sexuality since the classical age, it standsto reason that we will not be able to free ourselves fromit except at a considerable cost.
There are more ideas on earth than intellectuals imagine. Andthese ideas are more active, stronger, more resistant, morepassionate than ''politicians'' think. We have to be there at thebirth of ideas, the bursting outward of their force: not in booksexpressing them, but in events manifesting this force, in strugglescarried on around ideas, for or against them. Ideas do notrule the world. But it is because the world has ideas... that it isnot passively ruled by those who are its leaders or those who wouldlike to teach it, once and for all, what it mustthink.
Freedom of conscience entails more dangers thanauthority and despotism.
http://www.egs.edu/library/michel-foucault/quotes/
Michel Foucault - Quotes
...a number of phenomena that seem to me to be quitesignificant, namely, the set of mechanisms through which the basicbiological features of the human species became the object of apolitical strategy, of a general strategy of power, or, in otherwords, how, starting from the eighteenth century, modern westernsocieties took on board the fundamental biological fact that humanbeings are a species. This is roughly what I have calledbiopower.
Foucault, Michel and Graham Burchell (Translator). Security,Territory, Population. 1977-78.Power is not founded on itself or generated by itself. Or wecould say, more simply, that there are not first of all relationsof production and then, in addition, alongside or on top of theserelations, mechanisms of power that modify or disturb them, or makethem more consistent, coherent, or stable.
Foucault, Michel and Graham Burchell (Translator). Security,Territory, Population. 1977-78.I think this serious and fundamental relation between struggleand truth, the dimension in which philosophy has developed forcenturies and centuries, only dramatizes itself, becomes emaciated,and loses its meaning and effectiveness in polemics withintheoretical discourse. So in all of this I will therefore proposeonly one imperative, but it will be categorical and unconditional:Never engage in polemics.
Foucault, Michel and Graham Burchell (Translator). Security,Territory, Population. 1977-78.When one undertakes to correct a prisoner, someone who has beensentenced, one tries to correct the person according to the risk ofrelapse, of recidivism, that is to say according to what will verysoon be called dangerousness – that is to say, again, a mechanismof security.
Foucault, Michel and Graham Burchell (Translator). Security,Territory, Population. 1977-78.Sovereignty is exercised within the borders of a territory,discipline is exercised on the bodies of individuals, and securityis exercised over a whole population.
Foucault, Michel and Graham Burchell (Translator). Security,Territory, Population. 1977-78.scarcity is a state of food shortage that has the property ofengendering a process that renews it and, in the absence of anothermechanism halting it, tends to extend it and make it more acute. Itis a state of scarcity, in fact, that raises prices.
Foucault, Michel and Graham Burchell (Translator). Security,Territory, Population. 1977-78....man’s evil nature will have an influence on scarcity byfiguring as one of its sources, inasmuch as men’s greed – theirneed to earn, their desire to earn even more, their egoism – causesthe phenomena of hoarding, monopolization, and withholdingmerchandise, which intensify the phenomena of scarcity.
Foucault, Michel and Graham Burchell (Translator). Security,Territory, Population. 1977-78....we can say that today's writing has freed itself from thetheme of expression. Referring only to itself; but without beingrestricted to the confines of its interiority, writing isidentified with its own unfolded exteriority.
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.Writing unfolds like a game [jeu] that invariably goes beyondits own rules and transgresses its limits. In writing, the point isnot to manifest or exalt the act of writing, nor is it to pin asubject within language; it is, rather, a question of creating aspace into which the writing subject constantlydisappears.
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.Our culture has metamorphosed this idea of narrative, orwriting, as something designed to ward off death. Writing hasbecome linked to sacrifice, even to the sacrifice of life: it isnow a voluntary effacement that does not need to be represented inbooks, since it is brought about in the writer's veryexistence.
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.Using all the contrivances that he sets up between himself andwhat he writes, the writing subject cancels out the signs of hisparticular individuality. As a result, the mark of the writer isreduced to nothing more than the singularity of his absence; hemust assume the role of the dead man in the game ofwriting.
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.It is a very familiar thesis that the task of criticism is notto bring out the work's relationships with the author, nor toreconstruct through the text a thought or experience, but rather toanalyze the work through its structure, its architecture, itsintrinsic form, and the play of its internalrelationships.
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.The notion of writing, as currently employed, is concerned withneither the act of writing nor the indication – be it symptom orsign – of a meaning that someone might have wanted to express. Wetry, with great effort, to imagine the general condition of eachtext, the condition of both the space in which it is dispersed andthe time in which it unfolds. In current usage, however
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.To admit that writing is, because of the very history that itmade possible, subject to the test of oblivion and repression,seems to represent, in transcendental terms, the religiousprinciple of the hidden meaning (which requires interpretation) andthe critical principle of implicit signification, silentdeterminations, and obscured contents (which give rise tocommentary).
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.The proper name and the author's name are situated between thetwo poles of description and designation: they must have a certainlink with what they name, but one that is neither entirely in themode of designation nor in that of description; it must be aspecific link.
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.These differences may result from the fact that an author's nameis not simply an element in a discourse (capable of being eithersubject or object, of being replaced by a pronoun, and the like);it performs a certain role with regard to narrative discourse,assuring a classificatory function.
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.The author's name manifests the appearance of a certaindiscursive set and indicates the status of this discourse within asociety and a culture. It has no legal status, nor is it located inthe fiction of the work; rather, it is located in the break thatfounds a certain discursive construct and its very particular modeof being.
Foucault, Michel and Josué V. Harari (Translator). What Is anAuthor? 1969.The dawn of madness on the horizon of the Renaissance is firstperceptible in the decay of Gothic symbolism; as if that world,whose network of spiritual meanings was so close-knit, had begun tounravel, showing faces whose meaning was no longer clear except inthe forms of madness.
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.A fundamental conversion of the world of images: the constraintof a multiplied meaning liberates that world from the control ofform. So many diverse meanings are established beneath the surfaceof the image that it presents only an enigmatic face.
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.When man deploys the arbitrary nature of his madness, heconfronts the dark necessity of the world; the animal that hauntshis nightmares and his nights of privation is his own nature, whichwill lay bare hell's pitiless truth; the vain images of blindidiocy—such are the world's Magna Scientia; and already, in thisdisorder, in this mad universe, is prefigured what will be thecruelty of the finale.
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.Then the last type of madness: that of desperate passion. Lovedisappointed in its excess, and especially love deceived by thefatality of death, has no other recourse but madness. As long asthere was an object, mad love was more love than madness; left toitself, it pursues itself in the void of delirium.
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.Tamed, madness preserves all the appearances of its reign. Itnow takes part in the measures of reason and in the labor of truth.It plays on the surface of things and in the glitter of daylight,over all the workings of appearances, over the ambiguity of realityand illusion, over all that indeterminate web, ever rewoven andbroken, which both unites and separates truth andappearance.
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.Confinement, that massive phenomenon, the signs of which arefound all across eighteenth-century Europe, is a "police" matter.Police, in the precise sense that the classical epoch gave toit—that is, the totality of measures which make work possible andnecessary for all those who could not live without it...
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.We have now got in the habit of perceiving in madness a fallinto a determinism where all forms of liberty are graduallysuppressed; madness shows us nothing more than the naturalconstants of a determinism, with the sequences of its causes, andthe discursive movement of its forms; for madness threatens modernman only with that return to the bleak world of beasts and things,to their fettered freedom.
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.Before Descartes, and long after his influence as philosopherand physiologist had diminished, passion continued to be themeeting ground of body and soul; the point where the latter'sactivity makes contact with the former's passivity, each being alimit imposed upon the other and the locus of theircommunication.
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.If the passions are possible only in a being which has a body,and a body not entirely subject to the light of its mind and to theimmediate transparence of its will, this is true insofar as, inourselves and without ourselves, and generally in spite ofourselves, the mind's movements obey a mechanical structure whichis that of the movement of spirits.
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.Madness, then, was not merely one of the possibilities affordedby the union of soul and body; it was not just one of theconsequences of passion. Instituted by the unity of soul and body,madness turned against that unity and once again put it inquestion. Madness, made possible by passion, threatened by amovement proper to itself what had made passion itselfpossible.
Foucault, Michel and Richard Howard (Translator). Madness andCivilization. 1964.For us, the human body defines, by natural right, the space oforigin and of distribution of disease: a space whose lines,volumes, surfaces, and routes are laid down, in accordance with anow familiar geometry, by the anatomical atlas.
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.The exact superposition of the ‘body’ of the disease and thebody of the sick man is no more than a historical, temporary datum.Their encounter is self-evident only for us, or, rather, we areonly just beginning to detach ourselves from it.
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.Knowledge is historical that circumscribes pleurisy by its fourphenomena: fever, difficulty in breathing, coughing, and pains inthe side. Knowledge would be philosophical that called intoquestion the origin, the principle, the causes of the disease:cold, serous discharge, inflammation of the pleura. The distinctionbetween the historical and the philosophical is not the distinctionbetween cause and effect...
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.Disease is perceived fundamentally in a space of projectionwithout depth, of coincidence without development. There is onlyone plane and one moment. The form in which truth is originallyshown is the surface in which relief is both manifested andabolished—the portrait...
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.
It is a space in which analogies define essences. The picturesresemble things, but they also resemble one another. The distancethat separates one disease from another can be measured only by thedegree of their resemblance, without reference to thelogico-temporal divergence of genealogy.
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.Classificatory thought gives itself an essential space, which itproceeds to efface at each moment. Disease exists only in thatspace, since that space constitutes it as nature; and yet it alwaysappears rather out of phase in relation to that space, because itis manifested in a real patient, beneath the observing eye of aforearmed doctor
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.There is no process of evolution in which duration introducesnew events of itself and at its own insistence; time is integratedas a nosological constant, not as an organic variable. The time ofthe body does not affect, and still less determines, the time ofthe disease.
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.Doctor and patient are caught up in an ever-greater proximity,bound together, the doctor by an ever-more attentive, moreinsistent, more penetrating gaze, the patient by all the silent,irreplaceable qualities that, in him, betray—that is, reveal andconceal—the clearly ordered forms of the disease.
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.In the medicine of species, disease has, as a birthright, formsand seasons that are alien to the space of societies. There is a‘savage’ nature of disease that is both its true nature and itsmost obedient course: alone, free of intervention, without medicalartifice, it reveals the ordered, almost vegetal nervure of itsessence.
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.Like civilization, the hospital is an artificial locus in whichthe transplanted disease runs the risk of losing its essentialidentity.
Foucault, Michel and A. M. Sheridan (Translator). The Birth ofthe Clinic. 1963.
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The idea of accumulating everything, of establishing a sort ofgeneral archive, the will to enclose in one place all times, allepochs, all forms, all tastes, the idea of constituting a place ofall times that is itself outside of time and inaccessible to itsravages, the project of organizing in this way a sort of perpetualand indefinite accumulation of time in an immobile place, thiswhole idea belongs to our modernity.
Michel Foucault [1967] "Of Other Spaces," Diacritics 16(Spring 1986), 22-27.
December 2000
'In civilizations without ships, dreams dry up, espionnage takesthe place of adventure and the police take the place of corsairs.'(trans. mod.)
Michel Foucault. (1998) [1984] 'Different spaces'. In J. Faubion(ed.). Tr. Robert Hurley and others. Aesthetics, method andepistemology. The Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984.Volume Two Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Allen Lane, Penguin, p.181.
November 2000
'All human behavior is scheduled and programmed throughrationality. There is a logic of institutions and in behavior andin political relations. In even the most violent ones there is arationality. What is most dangerous in violence is its rationality.Of course violence itself is terrible. But the deepest root ofviolence and its permanence come out of the form of the rationalitywe use. The idea had been that if we live in the world of reason,we can get rid of violence. This is quite wrong. Between violenceand rationality there is no incompatibility.'
Michel Foucault. (1996) [1980]. 'Truth is in the future'. InSylvère Lotringer (ed.) Foucault Live (Interviews,1961-1984). Tr. Lysa Hochroth and John Johnston. 2nd edition.New York: Semiotext(e), p.299.
October 2000
'What appears to me to be indispensable is respect for thereader... I dream of books which would be clear enough about theway they go about things for others to use them freely, but withouttrying either to blur or hide the original sources. Freedom of useand technical transparency are linked.'
Michel Foucault. (1994) [1983]. 'A propos des faiseursd'histoire'. In Dits et Ecrits vol IV. Paris: Gallimard, p.414. (This passage trans. Clare O'Farrell)
September 2000
'My position is that it is not up to us [intellectuals] topropose. As soon as one "proposes" - one proposes a vocabulary, anideology, which can only have effects of domination. What we haveto present are instruments and tools that people might find useful.By forming groups specifically to make these analyses, to wagethese struggles, by using these insturments or others: this is how,in the end, possibilities open up.
But if the intellectual starts playing once again the role that hehas played for a hundred and fifty years - that of prophet inrelation to what "must be", to what "must take place" - theseeffects of domination will return and we shall have otherideologies, functioning in the same way.'
Michel Foucault. (1988). 'Confinement, psychiatry, prison'. InL. Kritzman, (ed.), Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviewsand Other Writings, 1977-1984. New York: Routledge, p.197
August 2000
'... from the moment that people were no longer quite sure ofhaving a soul or that the body would return to life, more attentionto mortal remains became necessary; these became the only trace ofour existence in the midst of the world and in the midst ofwords.
In any case, it was in the nineteenth century that each personbegan to have the right to his own little box for his own personaldecomposition ... (trans. mod)
Michel Foucault. (1998) [1984]. 'Different spaces'. In J.Faubion (ed.). Tr. Robert Hurley and others. Aesthetics, methodand epistemology. The Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984.Volume Two Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Allen Lane, Penguin, p.181.
July 2000
'[Raymond Roussel] said that after his first book he expectedthat the next morning there would be a kind of aura around hisperson and that everyone in the street would be able to see that hehad written a book. This is the obscure desire harboured byeveryone who writes. It is true that the first text one writes isneither written for others, nor because one is what one is: onewrites to become other than what one is. One tries to modify one'sway of being through the act of writing.' (trans. mod.)
Michel Foucault (1987) 'An interview with Michel Foucault byCharles Ruas'. In Death and the Labyrinth: The World of RaymondRoussel. Tr. C. Ruas. London: The Athlone Press, p.182.
June 2000
'It is hard to see what kind of objectivity is achieved by thestatistical analysis of a questionnaire examining the lies ofschool age children and their playmates. At the end of the day, theresults are reassuring, we learn that children lie mostly to avoidpunishment, then to boast of their exploits etc. We can be sure byvirtue of these very findings, that the method was quite objective.So what? There are those obsessive peeping toms who, in order tolook through a plate glass door, peer through the keyhole'.
Michel Foucault. (1994) [1957]. 'La recherche scientifique et lapsychologie'. In Dits et Ecrits vol I. Paris: Gallimard, pp.137-58. (This passage trans. Clare O'Farrell).
May 2000
'I don't write a book so that it will be the final word; I writea book so that other books are possible, not necessarily written byme'.
Michel Foucault (1994) [1971] 'Entretien avec Michel Foucault'.In Dits et Ecrits vol II. Paris: Gallimard, pp. 157-74.(This passage trans. Clare O'Farrell).
April 2000
'Personally I've never met any intellectuals. I've met peoplewho write novels, others who treat the sick; people who work ineconomics and others who compose electronic music. I've met peoplewho teach, people who paint, and people of whom I have never reallyunderstood what they do. But intellectuals? Never.'
Michel Foucault. (1997). 'The Masked Philosopher'. In J. Faubion(ed.). Tr. Robert Hurley and others. Ethics: Subjectivity andTruth. The Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984. VolumeOne. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, Allen Lane, p. 322.
March 2000
'My role - and that is too emphatic a word - is to show peoplethat they are much freer than they feel, that people accept astruth, as evidence, some themes which have been built up at acertain moment during history, and that this so-called evidence canbe criticized and destroyed.'
Michel Foucault. (1988). 'Truth, power, self: An interview withMichel Foucault October 25 1982'. In Luther H. Martin and PatrickHutton (eds.), Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with MichelFoucault. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press,p.10.
February 2000
'What is serious, is that, as you continue to write you are nolonger read at all and readers going from one distortion toanother, reading books on the shoulders of others end up with anabsolutely grotesque image of your book' (trans. mod.)
Michel Foucault. (1996) [1984]. 'An aesthetics of existence'. InSylvère Lotringer (ed.) Foucault Live (Interviews,1961-1984). Tr. Lysa Hochroth and John Johnston. 2nd edition.New York: Semiotext(e),
http://baike.soso.com/v2034862.htm?pid=baike.box米歇爾·??拢∕ichelFoucault,1926年10月15日-1984年6月25日),法國哲學(xué)家和“思想系統(tǒng)的歷史學(xué)家”。他對文學(xué)評論及其理論、哲學(xué)(尤其在法語國家中)、批評理論、歷史學(xué)、科學(xué)史(尤其醫(yī)學(xué)史)、批評教育學(xué)和知識社會學(xué)有很大的影響。他被認(rèn)為是一個后現(xiàn)代主義者和后結(jié)構(gòu)主義者,但也有人認(rèn)為他的早期作品,尤其是《詞與物》還是結(jié)構(gòu)主義的。他本人對這個分類并不欣賞,他認(rèn)為自己是繼承了現(xiàn)代主義的傳統(tǒng)。他認(rèn)為后現(xiàn)代主義這個詞本身就非常的含糊。
米歇爾·??拢∕ichel Foucault)1926年10月15日出生于法國維艾納省省會普瓦捷,這是法國西南部的一個寧靜小城。他父親是該城一位受人尊敬的外科醫(yī)生,母親也是外科醫(yī)生的女兒。在??碌脑L談中,他說,“我小時候生活在法國外省的小資產(chǎn)階級環(huán)境中,我們不得不同家里的客人進行各種談話,這令我感覺苦不堪言。我常常納悶,人為什么非得說話不可呢?沉默也許是同別人交往時更有趣的手段?!?/p>
?。∕ichel Foucault,1926年10月15日-1984年6月25日),
出生: 1926年10月15日 法國普瓦捷
逝世: 1984年6月25日 法國巴黎
學(xué)派/流派: 歐陸哲學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)主義、後結(jié)構(gòu)主義
主要領(lǐng)域: 觀念史、知識論、倫理學(xué)、政治哲學(xué)
米歇爾·傅柯,法國哲學(xué)家和「思想系統(tǒng)的歷史學(xué)家」。他對文學(xué)評論及其理論、哲學(xué)(尤其在法語國家中)、批評理論、歷史學(xué)、科學(xué)史(尤其醫(yī)學(xué)史)、批評教育學(xué)和知識社會學(xué)有很大的影響。他被認(rèn)為是一個後現(xiàn)代主義者和後結(jié)構(gòu)主義者,但也有人認(rèn)為他的早期作品,尤其是《詞與物》還是結(jié)構(gòu)主義的。他本人對這個分類并不欣賞,他認(rèn)為自己是繼承了現(xiàn)代主義的傳統(tǒng)。他認(rèn)為後現(xiàn)代主義這個詞本身就非常的含糊。有人就他的結(jié)構(gòu)主義或後結(jié)構(gòu)主義的傾向質(zhì)疑他的政治活動。在這一點上他的處境與諾姆·喬姆斯基、喬治·萊考夫和簡·雅各布相同。
??略谄胀呓萃瓿闪诵W(xué)和中學(xué)教育,1945年,他離開家鄉(xiāng)前往巴黎參加法國高等師范學(xué)校入學(xué)考試,并于1946年順利進入高師學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)。1951年通過大中學(xué)教師資格會考后,他在梯也爾基金會資助下做了1年研究工作,1952年受聘為里爾大學(xué)助教。
早在高師期間,??录幢憩F(xiàn)出對心理學(xué)和精神病學(xué)的極大興趣,恰好他父母的一位世交雅克琳娜·維爾道(JacquelineVerdeaus)就是心理學(xué)家,而雅克琳娜的丈夫喬治·維爾道則是法國精神分析學(xué)大師雅克·拉康的學(xué)生。因此,在維爾道夫婦的影響下,??聦π睦韺W(xué)和精神分析學(xué)進行了系統(tǒng)深入的學(xué)習(xí),并與雅克琳娜一道翻譯了瑞士精神病學(xué)家賓斯萬格爾(LudwigBinswanger)的著作《夢與存在》。書成之后,??聭?yīng)雅克琳娜之請為法文本做序,并在1953年復(fù)活節(jié)之前草就一篇長度超過正文的序言。在這篇長文中,他日后光彩奪目的寫作風(fēng)格已經(jīng)初露端倪。1954年,這本罕見的序言長過正文的譯作由德克雷·德·布魯沃出版社出版,收入《人類學(xué)著作和研究》叢書。同年,??掳l(fā)表了自己的第一部專著《精神病與人格》,收入《哲學(xué)入門》叢書,由法國大學(xué)出版社出版。福柯后來對這部著作加以否定,認(rèn)為它不成熟,因此,1962年再版時這本書幾乎面目全非。
1955年8月,在著名神話學(xué)家喬治·杜梅澤爾(Georges Dumezil)的大力推薦下,福柯被瑞典烏普薩拉大學(xué)聘為法語教師。在瑞典期間,??逻€兼任法國外交部設(shè)立的“法國之家”主任,因此,教學(xué)之外,他花了大量時間用于組織各種文化交流活動。在瑞典的3年時間里,福柯開始動手撰寫博士論文。得益于烏普薩拉大學(xué)圖書館收藏的一大批16世紀(jì)以來的醫(yī)學(xué)史檔案、書信和各種善本圖書,也得益于杜梅澤爾的不斷督促和幫助,當(dāng)??码x開瑞典時《瘋癲與非理智——古典時期的瘋癲史》已經(jīng)基本完成。
1958年,由于感到教學(xué)和工作負(fù)擔(dān)過重對,??绿岢鲛o職,并于6月間回到巴黎。兩個月后,還是在杜梅澤爾的幫助下,同時也因為??略谌鸬淦陂g表現(xiàn)的出色組織能力,他被法國外交部任命為設(shè)在華沙大學(xué)內(nèi)的法國文化中心主任。這年10月,??碌竭_波蘭,不過他并沒有在那兒待太久,原因倒也富于戲劇性:他中了波蘭情報機關(guān)的美男記。??聫暮茉鐣r候起就是同性戀,對此他倒不加掩飾,就個人生活而言,這位老兄顯然夠得上“風(fēng)流”的美名。然而50年代正是東西方冷戰(zhàn)正酣之時,兩方都在挖空心思的相互刺探。恰恰在1959年,法國駐波蘭大使館文化參贊告假,大使本已有心提拔福柯,便一面讓他代行參贊職務(wù),一面行文報請正式任命。所以波蘭情報機構(gòu)乘虛而入,風(fēng)流成性的年輕哲學(xué)家合當(dāng)中計。
離開波蘭后,??吕^續(xù)他的海外之旅,這一次是目的地是漢堡,仍然是法國文化中心主任。1960年2月,福柯在德國最終完成了他的博士論文。這是一本在厚度和深度上都同樣令人匝舌的大書:全書包括附錄和參考書目長達943頁,考察了自17世紀(jì)以來瘋癲和精神病觀念的流變,詳盡梳理了在造型藝術(shù)、文學(xué)和哲學(xué)中體現(xiàn)的瘋癲形象形成、轉(zhuǎn)變的過程及其對現(xiàn)代人的意義。按照慣例,申請國家博士學(xué)位的應(yīng)該提交一篇主論文和一篇副論文,??乱虼藳Q定翻譯康德的《實用人類學(xué)》并以一篇導(dǎo)言作為副論文,雖然這一導(dǎo)言從來沒有出版,但??卵芯空邆儼l(fā)現(xiàn),他后來成熟并反映于《詞與物》、《知識考古學(xué)》中的一些重要概念和思想,在這篇論文中其實已經(jīng)形成。
應(yīng)??轮?,他以前在亨利四世中學(xué)的哲學(xué)老師,時任巴黎高師校長的讓·伊波利特(JeanHyppolite)欣然同意作副論文的“研究導(dǎo)師”,并推薦著名科學(xué)史家、時為巴黎大學(xué)哲學(xué)系主任的喬治·岡奎萊姆(GeorgesConguilhem)擔(dān)任他的主論文導(dǎo)師。后者對《瘋癲史》贊譽有加,并為他寫了如下評語“人們會看到這項研究的價值所在,鑒于福柯先生一直關(guān)注自文藝復(fù)興時期至今精神病在造型藝術(shù)、文學(xué)和哲學(xué)中反映出來的向現(xiàn)代人提供的多種用途;鑒于他時而理順、時而又搞亂紛雜的阿莉阿德尼線團,他的論文融分析和綜合于一爐,它的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),雖然讀起來不那么輕松,但卻不失睿智之作……因此,我深信福柯先生的研究的重要性是毋庸置疑的。”[1]1961年5月20日,??马樌ㄟ^答辯,獲得文學(xué)博士學(xué)位。這篇論文也被評為當(dāng)年哲學(xué)學(xué)科的最優(yōu)秀論文,并頒發(fā)給作者一枚銅牌。
詞與物書影
??庐嬒?/p>
還在??峦ㄟ^博士論文答辯以前,克萊蒙-費朗大學(xué)哲學(xué)系新任系主任維也曼在讀完《瘋癲史》手稿后,即致函尚遠在漢堡的作者,希望延聘他為教授。??滦廊唤邮埽⒂?960年10月就任代理教授,1962年5月1日,克萊蒙-費朗大學(xué)正式升任??聻檎軐W(xué)系正教授。在整個60年代,??碌闹入S著他著作和評論文章的發(fā)表而急劇上升:1963年《雷蒙·魯塞爾》和《臨床醫(yī)學(xué)的誕生》,1964年《尼采、弗洛伊德、馬克思》以及1966年引起極大反響的《詞與物》。
這部著作力圖構(gòu)建一種“人文科學(xué)考古學(xué)”,它“旨在測定在西方文化中,人的探索從何時開始,作為知識對象的人何時出現(xiàn)?!?[1]??率褂谩爸R型”這一新術(shù)語指稱特定時期知識產(chǎn)生、運動以及表達的深層框架。通過對文藝復(fù)興以來知識型轉(zhuǎn)變流動的考察,??轮赋觯诟鱾€時期的知識型之間存在深層斷裂。此外,由于語言學(xué)具有解構(gòu)流淌于所有人文學(xué)科中語言的特殊功能,因此在人文科學(xué)研究中,語言學(xué)都處于一個十分特殊的位置:透過對語言的研究,知識型從深藏之處顯現(xiàn)出來。這本書“妙語連珠,深奧晦澀,充滿智慧”[1],然而就是這樣一本十足的學(xué)術(shù)論著,甫經(jīng)出版即成為供不應(yīng)求的暢銷書:第一版由法國最著名的伽利瑪出版社于1966年10月出版,印了3500冊,年底即告售磬,次年6月再版5000冊,7月:3000,9月:3500,11月:3500;67年3月:4000,11月:5000……,據(jù)說到80年代為止,《詞與物》僅在法國就印刷了逾10萬冊。對這本書的評價也同樣戲劇,評論意見幾乎截然二分,不是大加稱頌,就是憤然聲討,兩造的領(lǐng)軍人物也個個了得:被譽為“知識分子良心”的大哲學(xué)家薩特聲稱這本書“要建構(gòu)一種新的意識形態(tài),即資產(chǎn)階級所能修筑的抵御馬克思主義的最后一道堤壩”,法國共產(chǎn)黨的機關(guān)雜志也連續(xù)發(fā)表批駁文章;不過更有意思的是,這一次,天主教派的知識分子們同似乎該不共戴天的共產(chǎn)黨人們站到了同一條戰(zhàn)線里:雖然進攻的方式有所不同,但在反對這一點上,兩派倒是心有期期。但??逻@一方的陣容也毫不遜色:岡奎萊姆拍案而起,他于1967年發(fā)表長文痛斥“薩特一伙”對《詞與物》的指責(zé),并指出爭論的焦點其實并不在于意識形態(tài),而在于??滤_創(chuàng)的是一條嶄新的思想系譜之路,這恰恰又是固守“人本主義”或“人道主義”的薩特等所不愿意看到并樂意加以鏟除的。
不管怎樣,《詞與物》為福柯帶來了巨大聲望。不久,??掠忠淮坞x開了法國,前往突尼斯大學(xué)就任哲學(xué)教授。??略谕荒崴苟冗^了1968年5月運動的風(fēng)潮。這是一個“革命”的口號和行動時期遍及歐洲乃至世界的時期,突尼斯爆發(fā)了一系列學(xué)生運動,??峦渡碛谄渲?,發(fā)揮了相當(dāng)?shù)挠绊?。此后,他的身影和名字也一再出現(xiàn)于法國國內(nèi)一次又一次的游行、抗議和請愿書中。
68年5月事件促使法國教育行政當(dāng)局反思舊大學(xué)制度的缺陷,并開始策劃改革之法。作為實驗,1968年10月間,新任教育部長艾德加·富爾決定在巴黎市郊的萬森森林興建一座新大學(xué),它將擁有充分的自由來實驗各種有關(guān)大學(xué)教育體制改革的新想法。福柯被任命為新學(xué)校的哲學(xué)系主任。但是,萬森很快就陷入無休止的學(xué)生罷課、與警察的臨街對峙乃至火爆沖突中,福柯的哲學(xué)系也在極左派的吵嚷聲中成為動亂根源。在萬森兩年,是使??赂械浇钇AΡM的兩年。
1972年12月2日,對??聛碇v是一個具有紀(jì)念意義的日子,這一天,他走上了法蘭西學(xué)院高高的講壇,正式就任法蘭西學(xué)院思想體系史教授。進入法蘭西學(xué)院意味著達學(xué)術(shù)地位的顛峰:這是法國大學(xué)機構(gòu)的“圣殿中的圣殿”。
70年代的福柯積極致力于各種社會運動,他運用自己的聲望支持旨在改善犯人人權(quán)狀況的運動,并親自發(fā)起“監(jiān)獄情報組”以收集整理監(jiān)獄制度日常運做的詳細(xì)過程;他在維護移民和難民權(quán)益的請愿書上簽名;與薩特一起出席聲援監(jiān)獄暴動犯人的抗議游行;冒著危險前往西班牙抗議獨裁者佛朗哥對政治犯的死刑判決……。所有這一切都促使他深入思考權(quán)力的深層結(jié)構(gòu)及由此而來的監(jiān)禁、懲戒過程的運作問題。這些思考構(gòu)成了他70年代最重要一本著作的全部主題——《規(guī)訓(xùn)與懲罰》。
福柯的最后一部著作《性史》的第一卷《求知意志》在1976年12月出版,這部作品的目的是要探究性觀念在歷史中的變遷和發(fā)展。??聦@部性的觀念史寄予厚望,并以務(wù)求完美的態(tài)度加以雕琢,大綱和草稿改了一遍又一遍,以至最終文本與最初計劃相差甚大。這又是一部巨著,按照福柯最后的安排,全書分為四卷,分別為《求知遺志》、《快感的享用》、《自我的呵護》、《肉欲的告贖》??上У氖?,作者永遠也看不到它出齊了,1984年6月25日,??乱虬滩≡诎屠杷_勒貝蒂爾醫(yī)院病逝,終年58歲。
??碌乃朗狗▏舷抡痼@。共和國總理和教育部長稱“??轮缞Z走了當(dāng)代最偉大的哲學(xué)家……凡是想理解20世紀(jì)后期現(xiàn)代性的人,都需要考慮福柯。”《世界報》、《解放報》、《晨報》、《新觀察家》等報刊相繼刊發(fā)大量紀(jì)念文章。思想界的重要人物也紛紛發(fā)表紀(jì)念文字:年鑒學(xué)派大師費爾南·布羅代爾稱“法國失去了一位當(dāng)代最光彩奪目的思想家,一位最慷慨大度的知識分子”;喬治·杜梅澤爾的紀(jì)念文章感人肺腑,老人老淚縱橫的談到以前常說的話“我去世時,米歇爾會給我寫訃告?!比欢?,事實無情,顛倒的預(yù)言更加使人悲從心來:“米歇爾·??聴壩叶?,使我感到失去很多東西,不僅失去了生活的色彩也失去了生活的內(nèi)容?!?/p>
米歇爾·福柯(1926-1984)
6月29日上午,??碌膸熼L和親友在醫(yī)院舉行了遺體告別儀式,儀式上,由??碌膶W(xué)生,哲學(xué)家吉爾·德勒茲宣讀悼文,這段話選自??伦詈蟮闹鳌犊旄械南碛谩?,恰足以概括??陆K身追求和奮斗的歷程,我也就用這段話來結(jié)束這篇為紀(jì)念福柯逝世18周年而做的短文吧:
“至于說是什么激發(fā)著我,這個問題很簡單。我希望在某些人看來這一簡單答案本身就足夠了。這個答案就是好奇心,這是指任何情況下都值得我們帶一點固執(zhí)地聽從其驅(qū)使得好奇心:它不是那種竭力吸收供人認(rèn)識的東西的好奇心,而是那種能使我們超越自我的好奇心。說穿了,對知識的熱情,如果僅僅導(dǎo)致某種程度的學(xué)識的增長,而不是以這樣或那樣的方式盡可能使求知者偏離自我的話,那這種熱情還有什么價值可言?在人生中:如果人們進一步觀察和思考,有些時候就絕對需要提出這樣的問題:了解人能否采取與自己原有的思維方式不同的方式思考,能否采取與自己原有的觀察方式不同的方式感知?!裉斓恼軐W(xué)——我是指哲學(xué)活動——如果不是思想對自己的批判工作,那又是什么呢?如果它不是致力于認(rèn)識如何及在多大程度上能夠以不同的方式思維,而是證明已經(jīng)知道的東西,那么它有什么意義呢?”
192610月15日生于法國中西部文化教育古城普瓦捷。父親保羅·米歇爾·??潞妥娓副A_·安德烈·福柯都是醫(yī)生。母親安妮·瑪麗·馬拉貝也是醫(yī)學(xué)世家出身,她的父親是外科醫(yī)生兼普瓦捷醫(yī)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)教授。
1934 7月26日奧地利首相多弗斯遭法西斯分子槍殺,年幼的福柯“生平中第一次感覺到死亡的震撼”。
1936 為訓(xùn)練??滦置萌嗽谌粘I钪惺褂糜⒄Z,家里請來一位英籍修女陪伴他們。
1937 ??孪蚋赣H宣告他長大后將選擇當(dāng)歷史學(xué)教授,不愿意繼承家業(yè)當(dāng)醫(yī)生,首次表現(xiàn)出他的叛逆性格。
1940 進入由天主教修士創(chuàng)建的斯旦尼斯拉夫書院。
1942由于學(xué)校哲學(xué)教師被德軍關(guān)押在集中營,母親特地請一位哲學(xué)系學(xué)生路易·杰拉特為福柯補習(xí)哲學(xué),同時還向?qū)W校推薦一位天主教修士擔(dān)任哲學(xué)教師。
1943 ??芦@高中畢業(yè)文憑,并升入普瓦捷的路易四世大學(xué)預(yù)備班,為升入巴黎高等師范學(xué)院作準(zhǔn)備。
1945報考巴黎高等教師學(xué)院第一次失敗后,進入巴黎亨利四世大學(xué)預(yù)備班,遇見名哲學(xué)家依波利特,從此師從依波利特,在哲學(xué)及人文社會科學(xué)方面奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。
1946福柯成功考入巴黎高等師范學(xué)院,師從阿爾杜塞、依波利特等名師。但他的身體健康狀況,特別是在性生活方面,遇到了麻煩,而且因表現(xiàn)出同性戀的傾向而苦惱。
1947 原本在里昂大學(xué)任教的梅格寵蒂,開始在巴黎高等師范學(xué)院教授心理學(xué),使福柯能夠以新的觀點準(zhǔn)備他的心理學(xué)論文。
1948 ??略诎屠璐髮W(xué)取得哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位。福柯產(chǎn)生自殺念頭。
1949海洛寵蒂升任巴黎大學(xué)心理學(xué)教授,并開講“人的科學(xué)與現(xiàn)象學(xué)”的課程,給予福柯深刻的印象。福柯在依波利特指導(dǎo)下開始準(zhǔn)備他的論黑格爾的博士論文。
1950 福柯加入法國共產(chǎn)黨,同時再次出現(xiàn)自殺念頭,并到醫(yī)院接受戒毒治療。
1951獲大學(xué)哲學(xué)教師資格文憑,退出法國共產(chǎn)黨,并在岡格的指導(dǎo)下,準(zhǔn)備哲學(xué)國家博士文憑。從此,??逻€擔(dān)任巴黎高等師范學(xué)院心理學(xué)講師,同時準(zhǔn)備考取心理學(xué)和精神分析學(xué)醫(yī)生資格。
1953 ??履芗迂惪颂亍兜却唷沸聲l(fā)表會,促使他的思想發(fā)生根本性轉(zhuǎn)折,從此對布朗肖、巴塔耶和尼采深感興趣。??聟⒓永档难杏憰⒀芯康聡癫≈委煂W(xué)、神學(xué)和人類學(xué),特別集中研究和著手翻譯賓斯萬格的著作,對其中的《瘋狂只是生平現(xiàn)象》深感興趣。當(dāng)年夏天,??掠H自前往瑞士精神病治療學(xué)家羅蘭·庫恩在醫(yī)院中舉辦的精神病人嘉年華晚會。同年獲心理學(xué)學(xué)院的實驗心理學(xué)文憑,取代阿爾杜塞而在巴黎高等師范學(xué)院擔(dān)任哲學(xué)講師。
1954發(fā)表《精神病與人格》。在該書的結(jié)論中,??抡f:“真正的心理學(xué),如同其他關(guān)于人的科學(xué)一樣,應(yīng)以幫助人從異化狀態(tài)中解除出來作為其宗旨?!痹诎屠韪叩葞煼秾W(xué)院講授《現(xiàn)象學(xué)和心理學(xué)》。
1957 7月返回巴黎度假,在克爾狄出版社發(fā)現(xiàn)魯塞爾的文學(xué)著作,從此很重視魯塞爾作品中的語言風(fēng)格。年底,在烏普薩拉會見前往瑞典接受諾貝爾文學(xué)獎的加繆。依波利特審閱??碌摹毒癫〉臍v史》草稿,并建議作為博士論文交給岡格彥審核。
1958??码x開瑞典前往華沙,擔(dān)任華沙大學(xué)法國文化中心主任,密切注視當(dāng)時發(fā)生在波蘭的政治事件。10月,前往德國漢堡擔(dān)任當(dāng)?shù)胤▏幕行闹魅巍?/p>
1960起草他的第二篇博士論文《論康德人類學(xué)的形成及其結(jié)構(gòu)》,并翻譯康德的《從實用觀點看的人類學(xué)》。4月,福柯的導(dǎo)師岡格彥向克萊費朗大學(xué)哲學(xué)系主任居爾·維爾敏教授推薦福柯?lián)胃呒壷v師?!毒癫〉臍v史》被迦里馬出版社拒絕。經(jīng)著名歷史學(xué)家阿里耶斯的同意,《精神病的歷史》作為在阿里耶斯主編的《文明與心態(tài)》叢書中的一本,由伯朗出版社在1961年5月正式出版。10月,認(rèn)識剛剛考入圣格魯師范學(xué)院的一位哲學(xué)系學(xué)生丹尼爾·德斐特,他從此成為福柯的終身同性戀伴侶。
19615月在巴黎大學(xué)答辯他的國家博士論文《精神病與非理性:古典時期精神病的歷史》與《康德人類學(xué)》;前一篇由岡格彥和丹尼爾·拉加斯指導(dǎo),后一篇由依波利特指導(dǎo)?!毒癫∨c百理性:古典時期精神病的歷史》立即受到歷史學(xué)家曼德魯和布羅代洋以及作家布朗肖的高度肯定。??卤蝗蚊鼮榘屠韪叩葞煼秾W(xué)院入學(xué)考試審查委員會委員。在廣播電臺發(fā)表《精神病的歷史與文學(xué)》的系列演講。年底,《診療所的誕生》完稿,并起草《雷蒙德·魯塞爾》。
1962修改《精神病與人格》,從此該書改名為《精神病與心理學(xué)》。結(jié)識吉爾·德勒茲,從此成為他的至交。閱讀法國著名醫(yī)學(xué)家和解剖學(xué)家比沙和作家薩德的著作時,對“死亡”概念進行精避的知識論分析。他認(rèn)為,“死亡”并不是如同傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)理論所說的那樣是一個“點”,或者,更確切地說,是一個生存的終點,而是一條模糊不清的“線”,人在這條“線”上來來去去不斷來回穿越。“死亡”,就是人在來來去去的穿越中,同其自身的來回遭遇。也就是說,所謂“死亡”,就是人在一條不確定的線上的來來去去過程中,不斷地與自身遭遇和相交錯。福柯說:“薩特與比沙,這兩位同時代人是相異的雙胞胎。他們倆把死亡和性置于西方人的身體中。這兩種經(jīng)驗都缺少自然色彩,表現(xiàn)出逾越的性質(zhì),但同時又包含著絕對爭議性的權(quán)力,以至現(xiàn)代文化以它為基礎(chǔ),幻想建構(gòu)一種能夠顯示自然人的知識。”??卤蝗蚊鼮榭巳R蒙費朗大學(xué)心理學(xué)教授,并擔(dān)任哲學(xué)系主任。
19634月出版《診療所的誕生:一種醫(yī)學(xué)望診的考古學(xué)》和《雷蒙德·魯塞爾》。外交部任命??聻闁|京法國文化中心主任,但由于??律岵坏秒x開丹尼爾·德斐特,放棄了這個職務(wù)。重讀海德格爾的著作。
1964與新尼采主義者德勒茲、克羅索斯基、吉恩·波費雷特、享利·畢洛、瓦狄默、吉恩·瓦爾、卡爾·勒維茲、科利及蒙狄納里等人籌劃新版《尼采全集》。
1966年初,正當(dāng)他的《語詞與事物》付諸排印時,福柯在致友人的一封信中指出:“哲學(xué)是診斷的事業(yè),而考古學(xué)是描述思想的方法”由德勒茲一起擔(dān)任《尼采全集》法文部分的主編。4月,發(fā)表《語詞與事物:人文科學(xué)的考古學(xué)》。與德里達和阿爾杜塞頻繁來往,并宣布“我們的任務(wù)是堅決地超越人文主義”。9月,??聸Q定移居突尼斯。法國掀起結(jié)構(gòu)主義浪潮。10月,薩特發(fā)表批評??录敖Y(jié)構(gòu)主義的文章,指責(zé)??率恰百Y產(chǎn)階級的最后堡壘”。
1967 福柯對發(fā)生在中國的“文化大革命”深感興趣。年底訪問米蘭,結(jié)識安伯托·艾柯。
1968 重讀貝克特與羅莎·盧森堡的著作。5月,巴黎爆發(fā)學(xué)生運動和全國罷工,??峦A粼谕荒崴?,支持當(dāng)?shù)氐膶W(xué)生運動。10月27日,福柯的導(dǎo)師依波利特逝世。年底,任巴黎第八大學(xué)教授。
1969??路e極參與巴黎第八大學(xué)的學(xué)生運動,支持學(xué)生造反。開講“性與個人”等課程。2月22日,應(yīng)法國哲學(xué)會邀請發(fā)表認(rèn)考古學(xué)的演講,強調(diào)他們德里達和羅蘭·巴特之間的差異。3月,《知識考古學(xué)》發(fā)表。11月30日,法蘭西學(xué)院決定將依波波處特原調(diào)的“哲學(xué)思想史”講座改名為“思想體系史”。福柯是該講座的候選人之一。
1970??卤患~約大學(xué)邀請前往美國,發(fā)表論薩德的論文,并在耶魯大學(xué)進行演講,訪問福克納的故鄉(xiāng)。4月,??卤徽竭x為法蘭西學(xué)院終身講座教授。5月,為新版《巴塔耶全集》寫序。福柯的法蘭西學(xué)院教授身份促使該版《巴塔耶全集》避免了許多政府出版禁令。在該書的發(fā)表會上,福柯乘機為居約達的禁書《伊甸,伊甸,伊甸》翻案,使該書得以正式出版。9月,前往日本訪問,發(fā)表《論馬奈》、《精神病與社會》及《返回歷史》等學(xué)術(shù)演講。11月,訪問意大利佛教羅倫薩,再次發(fā)表論馬奈的論文。12月,在法蘭西學(xué)院發(fā)表就職演說,論述他的知識考古學(xué)研究的特征,并宣布即將開講“知識的意愿”。
1971 2月,為了支持舉行絕食抗議的政治犯,??聸Q定成立“監(jiān)獄情報團體”簡稱GIP,該組織總部就設(shè)在??碌脑⑺?,而他的伴侶丹尼爾·德斐特成為該組織負(fù)責(zé)人。與此同時,??逻€支持并參與由薩特等人所組織的“人民法庭”,但在斗爭策略方面與薩特等人略有不同。以福柯在法蘭西學(xué)院的就職演說為藍本?!墩撌龅闹刃颉氛桨l(fā)表。春,“監(jiān)獄情報團體”在法國各監(jiān)獄散發(fā)調(diào)查表。到加拿大魁北克地區(qū)的麥克吉爾大學(xué)訪問,同當(dāng)?shù)胤凑莫毩⒎肿咏佑|,并在監(jiān)獄中會見受監(jiān)禁的《美洲白色黑奴》的作都瓦里耶。5月,??碌热嗽诒O(jiān)獄門口以“煽動者”的罪名被警察逮捕。與“監(jiān)獄情報團體”所寫的《對二十所監(jiān)獄所做的調(diào)查表報告》公開發(fā)表。??逻€需要熱內(nèi)一起,支持受迫害的美國黑人領(lǐng)袖喬治·杰克遜。7月,法國監(jiān)獄容許犯人看報紙及聽廣播電臺的廣播,這是由福柯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的“監(jiān)獄情報團體”所作的斗爭的第一次勝利。9月,??露啻伪硎痉磳λ佬獭D甑?,在法蘭西學(xué)院開講“懲治理論與制度”。在巴黎“互助之家”舉辦電影晚會,放映描述監(jiān)獄狀況的影片,??峦_特和熱內(nèi)表示對當(dāng)代監(jiān)獄制度的抗議。接受電視協(xié)會的邀請前往荷蘭,同美國語言學(xué)家喬姆斯基就人的本性問題進行辯論。“監(jiān)獄情報團體”發(fā)表第二篇監(jiān)獄調(diào)查報告《對一所典型監(jiān)獄的調(diào)查》。
1972??峦_特、德勒茲、莫里亞克等,靜坐在法國法務(wù)部庭院,抗議不合理的監(jiān)獄制度。??略俅伪徊?。釋放后第二天,福柯親自架車同薩特前往造反中的雷諾汽車工廠,支持造反中的工人。德勒茲與加達里合著的《資本主義與精神分裂癥》第一卷《反俄狄浦斯》出版,??孪虻吕掌澴YR時說:“應(yīng)該從弗洛伊德主義的馬克思主義中擺脫出來。”德勒茲回答說:“我負(fù)責(zé)弗洛伊德,你對付馬克思,好嗎?”法國《拱門》雜志發(fā)表福柯與德勒茲的討論集,兩位哲學(xué)家都集中地談?wù)摍?quán)力問題。4月福柯再次訪問美國,分別在紐約、明尼阿波利斯等地,發(fā)表《古希臘時期真理的意愿》和《17世紀(jì)的禮儀、戲劇及政治》,并訪問阿狄卡監(jiān)獄,表示:“監(jiān)獄并不僅是真有鎮(zhèn)壓功能,而且還有監(jiān)禁權(quán)力的生產(chǎn)功能。”10月,受到美國康奈爾大學(xué)邀請,發(fā)表《文學(xué)與罪行》、《懲治的社會》等。年底,在法蘭西學(xué)院開講《皮埃爾·里維耶及其作品》?!氨O(jiān)獄情報團體”解散。??聟⑴c籌劃創(chuàng)立《解放報》。
1973“監(jiān)獄情報團體”的第四篇監(jiān)獄調(diào)查報告《監(jiān)獄中的自殺事件》,在德勒茲的主持下正式出版,??略诜ㄌm西學(xué)院開講“規(guī)訓(xùn)的社會”,這一課程后來改名為“懲治的社會”。在其中,??逻€把“排除的社會”嚴(yán)格地同“封閉的社會”區(qū)分開來。5月,前往蒙特利爾、紐約和里約熱內(nèi)盧等地進行學(xué)術(shù)訪問。9月,《我,皮埃爾·里維耶》出版,深受歡迎。10月,出版《這不是一支煙斗》。
1974在法蘭西學(xué)院開計《精神病治療學(xué)的權(quán)力》,并主持有關(guān)18世紀(jì)醫(yī)院結(jié)構(gòu)以及自1830年以來精神病治療學(xué)清規(guī)戒律學(xué)科狀況的研討會。4月,由于《研究》雜志曾經(jīng)發(fā)表《同性戀百科全書》,受到法律追究。福柯為此發(fā)表談話,指出“到底要等到什么時候,同性戀獲得發(fā)言和進行正常性活動的權(quán)利?”7月,對德國導(dǎo)演斯洛德,希爾伯貝格及法斯賓德等人的影片深感興趣,并接見瑞士導(dǎo)演丹尼爾·施密特,對影片中的性與身體的表現(xiàn)方法等問題發(fā)表意見。??碌热诉€發(fā)表《公開討論監(jiān)禁制度》的備忘錄檔,呼吁政府改善并維護犯人的基本人權(quán)。年底,在里約熱內(nèi)盧主持有關(guān)“城市化與公共衛(wèi)生”及“19世紀(jì)精神病治療學(xué)中的精神分析系統(tǒng)譜學(xué)”的研討會。
1975在法蘭西學(xué)院詩有關(guān)“精神病治療學(xué)的法醫(yī)”研討會,并開講“導(dǎo)常者”的系列課程。2月,繼續(xù)研究畫家馬奈等人的作品,深入研究繪畫與攝影的相互關(guān)系?!侗O(jiān)視與懲罰:監(jiān)獄的誕生》正式出版。4月,《觀察家》雜志發(fā)表??斗▏髮W(xué)的偶像:拉康、巴特、李歐塔和福柯》,描述??略诜ㄌm西學(xué)院講課時的那種莊重,嚴(yán)肅及備受尊敬的、幾站接近偶像崇拜的神秘氣氛。春天,訪問加利福尼亞非大學(xué),發(fā)表《論述與鎮(zhèn)壓》和《弗洛伊德以前的兒童性欲研究》,并同德勒茲會晤和展開討論,引起美國大學(xué)生的廣泛興趣。同時,還對當(dāng)?shù)赝詰佟⑽尽⒍U宗、女性主義等社會小團體的活動深感興趣,大加贊揚。9月,支持西班牙反佛朗哥獨裁政權(quán)的政治犯,要求西班牙政府給予無條件釋放。
1976年初,“必須保衛(wèi)社會”在法蘭西學(xué)院開講。??滦紝⒔Y(jié)束五年來對權(quán)利的鎮(zhèn)壓模式的研究,并試圖將權(quán)力關(guān)系的動作過程描述成戰(zhàn)爭模式。福柯說:“已經(jīng)耗用五年的時間研究規(guī)訓(xùn)問題,今后五年將集中研究戰(zhàn)爭和斗爭。……我們只能通過真理的生產(chǎn)來實行權(quán)力?!?月,在伯克利和斯坦福進行學(xué)術(shù)演講。8月,《知識的意愿》手稿完成。12月《知識的意愿》作為《性史》第一卷正式發(fā)表。
1977《知識的意愿》在讀者中受到歡迎,特別是受到女性主義者和同性戀者的喝彩。由于《監(jiān)視與征罰》英文版的出版,??率艿矫绹R界和學(xué)術(shù)界的廣泛注意。年底訪問東西柏林,討論監(jiān)獄問題,被聯(lián)幫警察逮捕。
1978在法蘭西學(xué)院開講“安全、領(lǐng)土與居民”的課程,重點從原來的權(quán)力問題轉(zhuǎn)向統(tǒng)治心態(tài)問題。開始起草《性史》第二卷。4月,訪部日本,連續(xù)發(fā)表“性與權(quán)力”、“權(quán)力的基督教教士模式”、“關(guān)于馬克思與黑格爾”等演講。5月,出席法國哲學(xué)會,發(fā)表“什么是批判”的學(xué)術(shù)演講,但福柯表示,他個人傾向于將題目改為“什么是啟蒙”。夏天,福柯因車禍腦震蕩而入醫(yī)院。后來,當(dāng)薩特殊性在1980年逝世時,??略鴮δ飦喛苏f:“從那以后,我的生活發(fā)生了改變。車禍時,汽車震撼了我,我被勢到車蓋上面。我利用那一點時間想過,完了,我將死去;這很好。我當(dāng)時沒意見?!?月,匆匆訪問伊朗,試圖支持當(dāng)時反抗獨裁統(tǒng)治的伊朗民主人士。11月,同薩特等人積極支持越南難民。12月意大利記者特龍巴多里向??陆ㄗh,開展同意意大利馬克思主義者的學(xué)術(shù)討論。
1979 從年初開始研究古基督教教父哲學(xué)文獻,主要探討基督教關(guān)于“懺悔”的歷史,以便探索基督教采取何種方式對基督教徒個人進行思想控制。在此基礎(chǔ)上,確定了《性史》第二卷的基本內(nèi)容,并將基督教這種特殊的思想控制方式稱為“權(quán)力的基督教教士運作模式”。課程“生命權(quán)力的誕生”開講。此課程所批判別的主要對象是現(xiàn)代自由主義社會。??滦Q:“國家沒有本質(zhì),國家不是一種普通性的概念,本身并非權(quán)力的自律源泉。國家無非是無止境的國家化過程?!?月,??聻榉▏谝槐就詰匐s志《LeGai Pied》創(chuàng)刊號撰寫一篇支持自殺的文章。為此,??略獾椒▏鞔髨罂呐?。10月前往斯坦福大學(xué),為坦納爾講座講授統(tǒng)治心態(tài)。
1980在法蘭西學(xué)院開講“對活人的統(tǒng)治”。2月,??陆邮堋妒澜鐖蟆吩L問,他要求該報不該發(fā)表他的名字,《世界報》為此稱之為“戴假面具的哲學(xué)家”。3月26日,羅蘭·巴特因車禍去世。4月9日,??聟⒓铀_特的葬禮,同成千成萬的群眾護送薩特的靈柩前往墓地。8月,阿蘭·施里旦發(fā)表論福柯的英文著作《真理意志》。9月英國記者在柏克利大學(xué)發(fā)表《真理情形主體性》,并支持“從古代晚期到基督教誕生時期的性倫理”的研究會。11月,在紐約大學(xué)發(fā)表《性與孤獨》。在達爾姆斯學(xué)院發(fā)表《主體性與真理》及《基督教與懺悔》。在普林斯頓大學(xué)發(fā)表《生命權(quán)力的誕生》。
1981 年初,在法蘭西學(xué)院開講“主體性與真理”,探討“自身的技術(shù)”作為管轄自身的方式究竟如何運作。5月,在魯汶大學(xué)法學(xué)院發(fā)表《做壞事,說好話:論法律程序中的招認(rèn)和見證的功能》。??抡J(rèn)為,資產(chǎn)階級現(xiàn)代法律中的某些重要程序,是延續(xù)和繼承基督教“懺悔”的手段,玩弄權(quán)術(shù)游戲。10月,受馬克·波斯特邀請,前往洛杉磯,參加“知識、權(quán)力與歷史:對于??碌闹鞯亩鄬W(xué)科研究取向”的研討會。會見法蘭克福學(xué)派的成員洛文達爾和馬丁·杰伊。紐約《時代周刊》發(fā)表《法國的權(quán)力哲學(xué)家》。??抡f:“我更加感興趣的,并不是權(quán)力,而是主體性的歷史?!痹诓死?,準(zhǔn)備建立“??隆愸R斯研討會”,哈貝馬斯希望他的主要論題是“現(xiàn)代性”。
1982春,??驴棺h捷克當(dāng)局逮捕在布拉格訪問中的德里達。5月,前往多倫多參加符號論及結(jié)構(gòu)主義方法研討會,會見庫爾勒、艾柯等人。發(fā)表《古代文化中對于自身的關(guān)懷》。從此,??卵芯恐攸c轉(zhuǎn)向斯多葛學(xué)派哲學(xué)。6月,打算辭去法蘭西學(xué)院的講座教授職務(wù),以便移居伯克利。7月,患慢性鼻腔炎。8月,巴黎猶太餐廳遭恐怖分子炸彈威協(xié),??聸Q定經(jīng)常前往進餐,以示抗議。10月,在佛蒙特大學(xué)發(fā)表《自身的技術(shù)》
1983在法蘭西學(xué)院開講“對自身與他人的管轄”的課程。3月,完成《性史》第二卷的絕大部分草稿,書名為《快感的運用》。哈貝馬斯在法蘭西學(xué)院演講,與??聲姟S⑽陌妗陡?伦髌吩u注》由邁克爾·克拉克主編,正式出版。4月,前往伯克利發(fā)表《關(guān)于自身的藝術(shù)與自身的書寫》。10月,再次訪問伯克利,連續(xù)六次學(xué)術(shù)演講,并在布爾德和圣德·克魯茲做兩次學(xué)術(shù)演講,至使他極度疲勞,決定不再在法蘭西學(xué)院授課,并從此回避在公眾場合露面。準(zhǔn)備翻譯伊萊亞斯的《死者的一次性》。12月,臥病不起。
1984年初,接受抗菌素治療,身體稍有好轉(zhuǎn)。??略谝环庵履锼埂け竦男胖姓f:“我得了艾滋病?!?月,身體再度感到疲倦,但堅持恢復(fù)在法蘭西學(xué)院的課程,并修改《性史》第二卷草稿。3月,伯克利大學(xué)與??潞献餮芯康膸熒?,針對20世紀(jì)30年代后西方國家政府統(tǒng)治心態(tài)的變遷,寄來一份研究計劃。其中提到,自第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以來,西方社會在社會生活、經(jīng)濟計劃化及政治組織三大方面行了重建。他們?yōu)榇酥鲝垖π庐a(chǎn)生的政治合理性問題進行深入研究,提出了五項研究計劃:(一)美國的福利國家與進步主義;(二)意大利的法西斯與休閑組織;(三)法國的社會救濟國家及其在殖民地的城建實驗;(四)在蘇聯(lián)的社會主義建設(shè);(五)包豪斯的建筑與魏瑪共和國。這時,福柯經(jīng)常到醫(yī)院就醫(yī)。但他并不要求醫(yī)生給予治療,唯一關(guān)心的問題,就是“我到底還有多少時間”。早在1978年,福柯曾經(jīng)就死亡問題與法國著名死亡問題研究專家阿里耶斯討論。他當(dāng)時說:“為了成為自己同自身的死亡的秘密關(guān)系的主人,病人所能忍受的,就是認(rèn)知與寂靜的游戲。”3月10日,??略诶^續(xù)修改草稿的同時,接見被警察驅(qū)逐的馬里和塞內(nèi)加爾移民,并要求政府當(dāng)局合理解決他們的問題。5月,《文學(xué)雜志》發(fā)表??聦L枺瑧c賀《性史》第二卷和第三卷出版。6月,??律眢w健康狀況惡化。6月25日,福柯去世。
??碌闹饕ぷ骺偸菄@幾個共同的組成部分和題目,他最主要的題目是權(quán)力(power)和它與知識的關(guān)系(知識的社會學(xué)),以及這個關(guān)系在不同的歷史環(huán)境中的表現(xiàn)。他將歷史分化為一系列“認(rèn)識”,??聦⑦@個認(rèn)識定義為一個文化內(nèi)一定形式的權(quán)力分布。
對??聛碚f,權(quán)力不只是物質(zhì)上的或軍事上的威力,當(dāng)然它們是權(quán)力的一個元素。對福柯來說,權(quán)力不是一種固定不變的,可以掌握的位置,而是一種貫穿整個社會的“能量流”。福柯說,能夠表現(xiàn)出來有知識是權(quán)力的一種來源,因為這樣的話你可以有權(quán)威地說出別人是什么樣的和他們?yōu)槭裁词沁@樣的。福柯不將權(quán)力看做一種形式,而將它看做使用社會機構(gòu)來表現(xiàn)一種真理而來將自己的目的施加于社會的不同的方式。
比如??略谘芯勘O(jiān)獄的歷史的時候他不只看看守的物理權(quán)力是怎樣的,他還研究他們是怎樣從社會上得到這個權(quán)利的——監(jiān)獄是怎樣設(shè)計的,來使囚犯認(rèn)識到他們到底是誰,來讓他們銘記住一定的行動規(guī)范。他還研究了“罪犯”的發(fā)展,研究了罪犯的定義的變化,由此推導(dǎo)出權(quán)力的變換。
對??聛碚f,"真理”(其實是在某一歷史環(huán)境中被當(dāng)作真理的事物)是運用權(quán)力的結(jié)果,而人只不過是使用權(quán)力的工具。
福柯認(rèn)為,依靠一個真理系統(tǒng)建立的權(quán)力可以通過討論、知識、歷史等來被質(zhì)疑,通過強調(diào)身體,貶低思考,或通過藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造也可以對這樣的權(quán)力挑戰(zhàn)。
??碌臅鶎懙梅浅>o湊,充滿了歷史典故,尤其是小故事,來加強他的理論的論證。??碌呐u者說他往往在引用歷史典故時不夠小心,他常常錯誤地引用一個典故或甚至自己創(chuàng)造典故。
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