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-ability

suffix expressing ability, fitness, or capacity, from L.-abilitas, forming nouns from adjs. ending in-abilis (see -able).Not etymologically related to ability,though popularly connected with it.

-able

suffix expressing ability, capacity, fitness, from French, fromL. -ibilis, -abilis, forming adjectives fromverbs, from PIE *-tro-, a suffix used to formnouns of instrument. In Latin, infinitives in-are took -abilis,others -ibilis; in English,-able is used for native words,-ible for words of obvious Latin origin. TheLatin suffix is not etymologically connected with able,but it long has been popularly associated with it, and this hascontributed to its survival as a living suffix. It is related tothe second syllable of rudderand saddle.

-acea

suffix denoting orders and classes in zoology, from L.-acea, neut. pl. of-aceus "belonging to, of the nature of"(enlarged from adj. suffix -ax, gen.-acis); neut. pl. because of a presumedanimalia, a neuter plural noun. Thus,crustacea "shellfish" are*crustacea animalia "crusty animals." Inbotany, the suffix is -aceae, from the fem.pl. of -aceus, with reference to L.plantae, which is a fem. plural.

-aceous

suffix denoting "belonging to, of the nature of," from L.-aceus, enlarged form of adj. suffix-ax (gen. -acis); see-acea.Especially in biology, "pertaining to X order of plants oranimals."

-acious

adj. suffix meaning "given to, inclined to, abounding in," fromL. -aci- (nom. -ax),noun ending used with verbal stems, + -ous.

-ad

suffix denoting collective numerals (cf.Olympiad), plant families, and names ofpoems, from Gk. -as (gen.-ados), a suffix forming fem. nouns; alsoused in fem. patronymics (Dryad, Naiad, also,in plural, Pleiades, Hyades).

-ade

suffix denoting an action or product of an action, from L.-ata (Fr. -ade, Sp.-ada, It. -ata), fem.pp. ending used in forming nouns. A living prefix in French, fromwhich many words have come into English (e.g.lemonade). Latin -atus,pp. suffix of verbs of the 1st conjugation also became-ade in French (Sp.-ado, It. -ato) andcame to be used as a suffix denoting persons or groupsparticipating in an action (e.g.brigade).

-ado

in commando, desperado, tornado,and other words of Spanish and Portuguese origin, "person or groupparticipating in an action," from L. -atus,pp. suffix of verbs of the first conjugation (cf.-ade).

-ae

occasional plural suffix of words ending in-a, most of which, in English, are from Latinnom. fem. sing. nouns, which in Latin form their plurals in-ae. But plurals in -swere established early in English for many of them (e.g.idea, arena) and manyhave crossed over since. It is now impossible to insist on purityone way or the other without creating monstrosities.

-age

suffix forming nouns of act, process, function, condition, fromO.Fr./Fr. -age, from L.L.-aticum "belonging to, related to,"originally neut. adj. suffix, from L. -atus,pp. suffix of verbs of the first conjugation.

-aholic

abstracted from alcoholic; first insugarholic (1965),foodoholic (sic., 1965); later inworkaholic (1968),golfaholic (1971),chocoholic (1971), andshopaholic (1984).

-al (1)

suffix forming adjectives from nouns or other adjectives, "of,like, related to," M.E. -al,-el, from O.Fr. or directly from L.-alis (see -al(2)).

-al (2)

suffix forming nouns of action from verbs, mostly from Latinand French, meaning "act of ______ing" (e.g.survival, referral),M.E. -aille, from French feminine singular-aille, from L. -alia,neuter plural of adjective suffix -alis, alsoused in English as a noun suffix. Nativized in English and usedwith Germanic verbs (e.g. bestowal, betrothal).

-algia

suffix denoting "pain," from Gk. algos"pain," algein "to feel pain," of unknownorigin. Related to alegein "to care about,"originally "to feel pain."

-amide

also amide, in chemical use, 1850,denoting a compound obtained by replacing one hydrogen atom inammonia with an element or radical, from Fr.amide, from am(monia) +-ide; coined by French chemistCharles-Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884).

-an

suffix meaning "pertaining to," from L.-anus, in some cases via Fr.-ain, -en.

-ana

or ana "collection of sayings, gossip,etc. connected with a person or place," early 18c., originally theneuter plural ending of Latin adjectives ending in-anus "pertaining to," from PIE adjectivalsuffix *-no-.

-ance

suffix attached to verbs to form abstract nouns of process orfact (convergence fromconverge), or of state or quality(absence from absent);ultimately from L. -antia and-entia, which depended on the vowel in thestem word. As Old French evolved from Latin, these were leveled to-ance, but later French borrowings from Latin(some of them subsequently passed to English) used the appropriateLatin form of the ending, as did words borrowed by English directlyfrom Latin (diligence, absence). English thusinherited a confused mass of words from French and further confusedit since c.1500 by restoring -enceselectively in some forms of these words to conform with Latin.Thus dependant, butindependence, etc.

-ancy

suffix denoting quality or state, from L.-antia, forming abstract nouns on pp. adjs.in -antem, appearing in English mostly inwords borrowed directly from Latin (those passing through Frenchusually have -ance or-ence; see -ance).

-ane

in chemical use, proposed 1866 by August Wilhelm von Hofmann togo with -ene, -ine,-one.

-ant

agent or instrumental suffix, from O.Fr. and Fr.-ant, from L. -antem,acc. of -ans, prp. suffix of many Latinverbs.

-ar

suffix meaning "pertaining to, of the nature of," from L.-arem, -aris “of thekind of, belonging to,” a secondary form of-alis, dissimilated for used after syllableswith an -l- (e.g.insularis for*insulalis, stellarisfor *stellalis).

-arch

suffix meaning "a ruler," from Gk. arkhos"leader, chief, ruler," from arkhe"beginning, origin, first place" (see archon).

-archy

suffix meaning "rule," from L. -archia,from Gk. -arkhia "rule," fromarkhos "leader, chief, ruler," fromarkhe "beginning, origin, first place" (seearchon).

-ard

also -art, from O.Fr. -ard,-art, from Ger. -hard, -hart"hardy," forming the second element in many personal names, oftenused as an intensifier, but in M.H.G. and Du. used as a pejorativeelement in common nouns, and thus passing into M.E. in bastard,coward,blaffard ("one who stammers"), etc. It thusbecame a living element in English, e.g. buzzard,drunkard.

-ary

adjective and noun suffix, in most cases from L.-arius, -aria,-arium "connected with, pertaining to; theman engaged in," from PIE relational adjective suffix*-yo- "of or belonging to." It appears inwords borrowed from Latin in Middle English. In later borrowingsfrom Latin to French, it became -aire andpassed into M.E. as -arie, subsequently-ary.

-ase

suffix used in naming enzymes, from ending ofdiastase.

-ast

agential suffix, cognate with -ist, fromFr. -ast, from L.-asta, from Gk.-astes.

-aster

suffix expressing incomplete resemblance (e.g.poetaster), usually dim. and deprecatory,from Latin, from Gk. -aster, suffixoriginally forming nouns from verbs ending in-azein, later generalized as a pejorativesuffix, e.g. Gk. patraster "he who plays thefather."

-ate (1)

suffix used in forming nouns from Latin words ending in-atus, -atum (e.g.estate, primate,senate). Those that came to English via Oldand Middle French often arrived with -at, butan -e was added after c.1400 to indicate thelong vowel.

The suffix also can mark adjectives, formed from Latin pastparticipals in -atus,-ata (e.g. desolate,moderate, separate),again, they often were adopted in M.E. as-at, with an -eappended after c.1400.

-ate (2)

verbal suffix for Latin verbs in -are,identical with -ate(1). Old English commonly made verbs from adjectives by adding averbal ending to the word (e.g. gnornian "besad, mourn," gnorn "sad, depressed"), but asthe inflections wore off English words in late O.E. and MiddleEnglish, there came to be no difference between the adjective andthe verb in dry,empty,warm,etc. Thus accustomed to the identity of adjectival and verbal formsof a word, the English, when they began to expand their Latin-basedvocabulary after c.1500, simply made verbs from Latinpast-participial adjectives without changing their form (e.g.aggravate,substantiate) and it became the custom thatLatin verbs were Anglicized from their past participle stems.

-ate (3)

in chemistry, used to form the names of salts from acids in-ic; identical with -ate(1).

-athon

also -thon, suffix denoting prolongedactivity and usually some measure of endurance, abstracted frommarathon. E.g.walkathon (1931),skatathon (1933);talkathon (1948); telethon(1949).

-ation suffix forming nouns of action; see-tion.

-cene

introduced by Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875), from Gk.kainos "new," cognate with L.recens (see recent).

-centric

from Gk. kentrikos "pertaining to acenter," from kentron (see center).

-cide

"killer," from Fr. -cide, from L.-cida "cutter, killer, slayer," from-cidere, comb. form ofcaedere "to strike down, chop, beat, hew,fell, slay," from PIE *kae-id-, from base*(s)k(h)ai- "to strike" (Pokorny, not inWatkins; cf. Skt. skhidati "beats, tears,"Lith. kaisti "shave.") For L. vowel change,see acquisition. The element alsocan represent "killing," from Fr. -cide, fromL. -cidium "a cutting, a killing."

-cracy

comb. element forming nouns meaning "rule or government by,"from Fr. -cratie or M.L.-cratia, from Gk.-kratia "power, might; rule, sway; powerover; a power, authority," from kratos"strength," from PIE *kratus "power,strength" (see hard).The connective -o- has come to be viewed aspart of it. Productive in English from c.1800.

-cule

dim. suffix, from Fr. -cule or directlyfrom L. -culus (m.),-cula (f.), -culum(neut.).

-cy

abstract noun suffix of quality or rank, from L.-cia, -tia, from Gk. -kia,-tia, from abstract ending -ia +stem ending -c- or -t-.The native correspondents are -ship,-hood.

-derm

suffix meaning "skin," from Gk. derma"skin, hide, leather" (see derma).

-dom

abstract suffix of state, from O.E. dom"statute, judgment" (see doom),already active as a suffix in O.E. (cf.freodom, wisdom); fromstem *do- "do" + *-mozabstract suffix. Cf. cognate Ger. -tum,O.H.G. tuom.

-ean

variant of -anafter names ending in -ea,-es, -eus.

-ectomy

"surgical removal," from Gk. -ektomia "acutting out of," from ektemnein "to cut out,"from ek "out" (see ex-) +temnein "to cut" (see tome).

-ed

pp. suffix of weak verbs, from O.E. -ed, -ad,-od (leveled to -ed in M.E.),from P.Gmc. *-do- (cf. O.H.G.-ta, Ger. -t, O.N.-þa, Goth. -da,-þs), from PIE *-to-(cf. Skt. -tah, Gk.-tos, L. -tus).Originally fully pronounced, as still inbeloved (which, with blessed,accursed, and a few others retains the fullpronunciation through liturgical readings). In 16c.-18c. oftenwritten -t when so pronounced (usually aftera consonant or short vowel), and still so where a long vowel in thestem is short in the pp. (crept,slept, etc.). In some older words both formsexist, with different shades of meaning, e.g.gilded/gilt,burned/burnt.

-ee

in legal English (and in imitation of it), representing theAnglo-Fr. -é ending of pps. used as nouns. Asthese sometimes were coupled with agent nouns in-or, the two suffixes came to be used as apair to denote the initiator and the recipient of an action.

-een

Anglicized form of Fr. -in,-ine, ultimately from L.-inus -ina.

-eer

suffix meaning "one who" (operates, produces, deals in);Anglicized form of Fr. -ier, from L.-arius, -iarius; cf.-ary.

-ella

dim. suffix, from L. -ella, fem. of-ellus.

-eme

in linguistics, noted as an active suffix and word-formationelement from 1953; from Fr. -ème "unit,sound," from phonème (see phoneme).

-emia

medical suffix, "condition of the blood," from Mod.L. comb.form of Gk. haima (gen.haimatos) "blood," possibly from PIE base*sai- "thick liquid."

-en (1)

suffix forming verbs (e.g. darken,weaken), from adjectives or from nouns, fromO.E. -nian, from P.Gmc.*-inojan (cf. O.N.-na), from PIE adjectival suffix*-no-. Mostly active in M.E.

-en (2)

suffix added to nouns to produce adjectives meaning “made of,of the nature of” (e.g. golden,oaken), corresponding to L.-ine. Common in O.E. and M.E., survivingwords with it now are largely discarded in everyday use and thesimple form of the noun serves as an adjective as well.

-ence

see -ance.

-ency

suffix denoting quality or state, from L.-entia. Derivatively identical with -ence.

-ene

hydrocarbon suffix.

-ent

suffix forming adjectives from nouns or verbs, from Fr.-ent and directly from L.-entem, prp. ending of verbs in-ere/-ire. O.Fr. changed many to-ant but after c.1500 some of these inEnglish were changed back to what was supposed to be correctLatin.

-er (1)

English agent noun ending, corresponding to L.-or. In native words it represents O.E.-ere (O.Northumbrian also-are) "man who has to do with," from W.Gmc.*-ari (cf. Ger. -er,Swed. -are, Dan. -ere),from P.Gmc. *-arjoz. Some believe this rootis identical with, and perhaps a borrowing of, Latin-arius. In words of Latin origin, verbsderived from pp. stems of Latin ones (including most verbs in-ate) usually take the Latin ending-or, as do Latin verbs that passed throughFrench (e.g. governor), but there are manyexceptions (eraser,laborer, promoter,deserter, sailor,bachelor), some of which were conformed fromLatin to English in late M.E. The use of -orand -ee in legal language (e.g.lessor/lessee) to distinguish actors andrecipients of action has given the -or endinga tinge of professionalism, and this makes it useful in doublingwords that have both a professional and non-professional sense(e.g. advisor/adviser,conductor/conducter,incubator/incubater,elevator/elevater).

-er (2)

comparative suffix, from O.E. -ra(masc.), -re (fem., neut.), from P.Gmc.*-izon, *-ozon (cf. Goth.-iza, O.S. -iro, O.N.-ri, O.H.G. -iro, Ger.-er), originally also with umlaut change instem, but this was mostly lost in O.E. by historical times and hasnow vanished (except in betterand elder)."For most comparatives of one or two syllables, use of-er seems to be fading as the oral element inour society relies on more before adjectivesto express the comparative; thus prettier ismore pretty, cooler ismore cool" [Barnhart].

-er (3)

suffix used to make jocular or familiar formations from commonor proper names (soccerbeing one), first attested 1860s, English schoolboy slang,"Introduced from Rugby School into Oxford University slang, orig.at University College, in Michaelmas Term, 1875" [OED, with unusualprecision].

-ery

suffix forming nouns meaning "place for, art of, condition of,quantity of," from M.E. -erie, from L.-arius.

-escence

suffix meaning "process or state of being," from L.-escentia, from-escentem (see -escent).

-escent

suffix meaning "beginning, becoming, tending to be," from L.-escentem (nom.-escens), ending of present participles ofverbs in -escere.

-ese

suffix from O.Fr. -eis (modern Fr.-ois, -ais), from V.L., from L.-ensem, -ensis"belonging to" or "originating in."

-esque

suffix meaning "resembling or suggesting the style of," fromFr. -esque "like, in the manner of," from It.-esco, like M.L. -iscusfrom a Germanic source (cf. O.H.G. -isc, Ger.-isch, English -ish;see -ish).

-ess

fem. suffix, from Fr. -esse, from L.L.-issa, from Gk. -issa(cognate with O.E. fem. agent suffix -icge);rare in classical Greek but more common later, indiakonissa "deaconess" and other Church termspicked up by Latin.

-etic

suffix meaning "pertaining to," from Gk.-etikos, adj. suffix for nouns ending in-esis.

-ette

dim. formation, from O.Fr. -ette (fem.),used indiscriminately in Old French with masculine form-et. As a general rule, older words borrowedfrom French have -et in English, while onestaken in since 17c. have -ette. In use withnative words since 20c., especially among persons who coin newproduct names, who tend to give it a sense of "imitation." Also inwords like sermonette, which, OED remarks,"can scarcely be said to be in good use, though often met with innewspapers."

-fest

element in compounds such as hen-fest,gab-fest, etc., 1889, Amer.Eng., borrowed from Ger.Fest "festival," abstracted fromVolksfest, etc., from M.H.G.vëst, from L. festum(see festivity).

-fication

suffix meaning "a making or causing," from L.-ficationem (nom.-ficatio), ultimately fromfacere "to make, do" (see factitious).

-fid

comb. form meaning “split, divided into parts,” from L.-fidus, related tofindere “to split” (see fissure).

-fold

multiplicative suffix, from O.E. -feald,related to O.N. -faldr; Ger.-falt; Goth. falþs; Gk.-paltos, -plos; L.-plus. Crowded out in English by Latinatedouble, triple, etc., but still in manifold, hundredfold, etc.

-fuge

from Mod.L. -fugus, with sense from L.fugare "to put to flight," but form from L.fugere "to flee."

-ful

O.E. -full, -ful, from suffix use offull(adj.).

-fy

suffix meaning "to make into," from Fr.-fier, from L. -ficare,from unstressed form of facere "to make, do"(see factitious).

-gamous

comb. form meaning "marrying," from Gk.gamos "marriage" (see gamete)+ -ous.

-gamy

comb. form meaning "marriage, fertilization," from Gk.-gamia, from gamos"marriage" (see gamete).

-gate

suffix attached to anything to indicate "scandal involving,"1973, abstracted from Watergate, theWashington, D.C., building complex, home of the NationalHeadquarters of the Democratic Party when it was burglarized June17, 1972, by operatives later found to be working for the staff andre-election campaign of U.S. President Richard Nixon.

-gen

comb. form technically meaning "something produced," butmainly, in modern use, "thing that produces or causes," from Fr.-gène (18c.), from Gk.-genes "born of, produced by," related togenos "birth" (see genus).

-genic

comb. form meaning "producing;" see -gen +-ic.

-genous

comb. form meaning "generating, producing, yielding;" see-gen +-ous.

-geny

comb. form meaning "genesis, origin, production," from Fr.-génie, from Gk.-geneia, from genes"born, produced" (see genus).

-gram

suffix from telegram (1857), firstabstracted 1979 (in Gorillagram, aproprietary name in U.S.), and put to wide use in forming newwords, such as stripagram (1981). Theconstruction violates Greek grammar, as an adverb could notproperly form part of a compound noun.

-graphy

comb. form meaning “process of writing or recording” or “awriting, recording, or description,” from Fr. or Ger.-graphie, from Gk.-graphia "description of," fromgraphein “write, express by writtencharacters," earlier "to draw, represent by lines drawn,”originally "to scrape, scratch" (on clay tablets with a stylus),from PIE base *gerbh- "to scratch, carve"(see carve).In modern use, especially in forming names of descriptivesciences.

-hood

suffix meaning "state or condition of being," from O.E.-had "condition, position," cognate with Ger.-heit, Du. -heid, allfrom P.Gmc. *haidus "manner, quality," lit."bright appearance," from PIE (s)kai-"bright, shining." Originally a free-standing word (see hade);in Modern English it survives only in this suffix.

-ia

suffix forming names of countries, diseases, flowers, fromLatin and Gk. -ia, which forms abstract nounsof feminine gender. In paraphernalia,Mammalia, etc. it represents the Latin and Greek pluralsuffix of nouns in -ium or-ion.

-ial

variant of -al(1).

-ian

variant of suffix -an usedwith stem endings in -i, from L.-ianus (-anus). InM.E., frequently -ien, from words borrowedvia French.

-iana

form of -anawith nouns whose adjectival forms end in -ian.

-iasis

medical Latin suffix meaning "process; morbid condition," fromGk. -iasis, from aorist of verbs in-iao, which often express disease.

-iatric

from Gk. iatrikos "healing," fromiatros "physician, healer" (related toiatreun "treat medically," andiasthai "heal, treat"); of uncertain origin,perhaps from iaomai "to cure," related toiaino "heat, warm, cheer," probably from aroot meaning “enliven, animate.”

-iatry

suffix meaning "medical treatment," from Fr.-iatrie, from Gk.iatreia "healing, medical treatment" (see-iatric).

-ible

suffix forming adjectives from verbs, borrowed in M.E. fromO.Fr. -ible and directly from L.-ibilis; see -able.

-ic

adjective suffix, "having to do with, having the nature of,being, made of, caused by, similar to" (in chemistry, indicating ahigher valence than names in -ous), from Fr.-ique and directly from L.-icus, which in many cases represents Gk.-ikos "in the manner of; pertaining to." FromPIE *-(i)ko, which also yielded Slavic-isku, adjectival suffix indicating origin,the source of the -sky (Rus.-skii) in many surnames.

-ical

adjectival suffix, mostly the same as -ic butsometimes with specialized sense (e.g. historic/historical),M.E., from L.L. -icalis, from L.-icus + -alis.

-ics

in the names of sciences or disciplines(acoustics, aerobics,economics, etc.) it represents a 16c. revivalof the classical custom of using the neuter plural of adjectiveswith -ikos (see -ic) tomean "matters relevant to" and also as the titles of treatisesabout them. Subject matters that acquired their names in Englishbefore c.1500, however, tend to remain in singular (e.g.arithmetic,logic).

-id

suffix meaning "belonging to, connected with, member of a groupor class" (plural -idae), from Fr.-ide and directly from L.-ides, masculine patronymic, from Gk.-ides. In astronomy, of meteor showers, itrepresents L. -idis, Gk.-idos, the genitive of the femininepatronymic suffix.

-ide

suffix used to form names of simple compounds of an elementwith another element or radical; originally abstracted fromoxide,the first so classified.

-ie

alternative spelling of -y; nowmostly of -y (3),but formerly of others.

-ier

suffix indicating occupation, from Fr., O.Fr.-ier, from L. -arius(also see -er(1)). Nativized and used to form English words(glazier, hosier, etc.;also see -yer).

-ify

variant of suffix -fy usedwith stem endings in -i.

-ile

suffix denoting ability, capacity,, from Fr.-il or directly from L.-ilis.

-in (1)

suffix attached to a verb, first attested 1960 withsit-in (which probably was influenced bysit-down strike); used first of protests,extended c.1965 to any gathering.

-in (2)

chemical suffix, usually indicating a neutral substance,antibiotic, vitamin, or hormone; see -ine(2).

-ina

fem. suffix in titles and names, from L.-ina.

-ine (1)

suffix used to form adjectives from nouns, from Fr.-ine, fem. of -in, ordirectly from L. -inus "of, like."

-ine (2)

chemical suffix, sometimes -in,though modern use distinguishes them; early 19c., from Fr.-ine, from L. -ina,fem. form of suffix used to form adjectives from nouns. In Frenchcommonly used to form words for derived substances, hence itsextended use in chemistry.

-ing (1)

suffix attached to verbs to mean their action, result, product,material, etc., from O.E. -ing, -ung, fromP.Gmc. *unga (cf. O.N.-ing, Du. -ing, Ger.-ung). Originally used to form nouns fromverbs and to denote completed or habitual action. Its use has beengreatly expanded in Middle and Modern English.

-ing (2)

suffix used form the prp. of verbs, from O.E.-ende (cf. Ger. -end,Goth. -and, Skt. -ant,Gk. -on, L. -ans). Itevolved into -ing in 13c.-14c.

-ise

see -ize.

-ish

adj. suffix, from O.E. -isc, commonGermanic (cf. O.N. -iskr, Ger.-isch, Goth. -isks),cognate with Greek dim. suffix -iskos.Colloquially attached to hours to denote approximation, 1916.

-ism

suffix forming nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine,from Fr. -isme or directly from L.-isma, -ismus, from Gk.-isma, from stem of verbs in-izein. Used as an independent word, chieflydisparagingly, from 1670s.

-ist

agent noun suffix, also used to indicate adherence to a certaindoctrine or custom, from Fr. -iste anddirectly from L. -ista, from Gk.-istes, from agential suffix-tes. Variant -ister(e.g. chorister, barister) is from O.Fr.-istre, on false analogy ofministre. Variant -istais from Spanish form, popularized in English 1970s by names ofLatin-American revolutionary movements.

-istic

adj. suffix, from L. -isticus (often viaFr. -istique), from Gk.-istikos, which is adjective suffix-ikos (see -ic)added to noun suffix -istes (see -ist).

-ite (1)

from Fr. -ite and directly from L.-ita, from Gk. -ites(fem. -itis), forming adjectives and nounsmeaning "connected with or belonging to." Especially used inclassical times to form ethnic and local designations (e.g. use inSeptuagint for Hebrew names in -i) and fornames of gems and minerals.

-ite (2)

salt suffix, from Fr. -ite, alteration of-ate (see -ate(3)).

-itis

noun suffix denoting diseases characterized by inflammation,Modern Latin, from Gk. -itis, feminine ofadj. suffix -ites "pertaining to." Femininebecause it was used with feminine noun nosos"disease," especially in Gk. arthritis(nosos) "(disease) of the joints," which was one of theearliest borrowings into English and from which the suffix wasabstracted in other uses.

-ity

suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives, meaning"condition or quality of being ______," from M.E.-ite, from O.Fr. -itéand directly from L. -itatem (nom.-itas), suffix denoting state or condition,composed of connective -i- +-tas (see -ty(2)).

-ive

sufix forming adjectives from verbs, meaning "pertaining to,tending to," in some cases from O.Fr. -if,but usually directly from L. -ivus. In somewords borrowed from French at an early date it has been reduced to-y (e.g. hasty,tardy).

-ization

suffix forming nouns of action, process, or state; see -ize +-ation.

-ize

suffix forming verbs, M.E. -isen, fromO.Fr. -iser, from L.L.-izare, from Gk.-izein. English picked up the French form,but partially reverted to the correct Greek-z- spelling from late 16c. In Britain,despite the opposition (at least formerly) of OED, EncyclopaediaBritannica, Times of London, and Fowler, -iseremains dominant. Fowler thinks this is to avoid the difficulty ofremembering the short list of common words not from Greek whichmust be spelled with an -s- (e.g. advertise, devise,surprise).

-kin

diminutive suffix, first attested mid-13c. in proper namesadopted from Flanders and Holland, probably from M.Du.-kin, properly a double-diminutive, from-k + -in. Equivalent toGer. -chen. Also borrowed in O.Fr. as-quin, where it usually has a bad sense.

This suffix, which is almost barren in French, has beenmore largely developed in the Picard patois, which uses it for newforms, such as verquin, a shabby little glass(verre); painequin, abad little loaf (pain);Pierrequin poor littlePierre, &c. ["An EtymologicalDictionary of the French Language," transl. G.W. Kitchin, Oxford,1878]

-latry

suffix meaning "worship of," in use in native formations from19c. (e.g. bardolatry), from Gk.-latreia "worship, service paid to the gods,hired labor," related to latron "pay, hire,"latris "servant, worshipper."

-less

the suffix meaning "lacking" is from O.E.-leas, from leas "free(from), devoid (of), false, feigned," from P.Gmc.*lausaz (cf. Du. -loos,Ger. -los "less," O.N.lauss "loose, free, vacant, dissolute," M.Du.los, Ger. los "loose,free," Goth. laus "empty, vain"). Related tolooseand lease.

-ling

diminutive suffix, early 14c., from O.E.-ling a nominal suffix (not originallydiminutive), from P.Gmc. *-linga-; attestedin historical Germanic languages as a simple suffix, but probablyrepresenting a fusion of the suffixes represented by English-le (cf. icicle,thimble,handle),O.E. -ol, -ul, -el; and-ing, suffix indicating "person or thing of aspecific kind or origin; in masculine nouns also "son of" (cf.farthing, atheling, O.E. horing"adulterer, fornicator"). Both these suffixes had occasionaldiminutive force, but this was only slightly evident in O.E.-ling and its equivalents in Germaniclanguages except Norse, where it commonly was used as a diminutivesuffix, especially in words designating the young of animals (e.g.gæslingr "gosling"). Thus it is possible thatthe diminutive use that developed in Middle English is from OldNorse.

-lite

comb. form meaning "stone," from Fr.-lite, variant of-lithe, from Gk. lithos"stone."

-logue

suffix meaning "one who is immersed in or driven by," mostlyfrom French-derived words, from Gk. -logos,-logon, but now mostly superseded by-loger, -logist exceptin ideologue and a few others.

-logy

"a speaking, discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science,"from Gk. -logia (often via Fr.-logie or M.L. -logia),from root of legein "to speak;" thus, "thecharacter or department of one who speaks or treats of (a certainsubject);" see lecture.

-ly (1)

suffix forming adjectives from nouns, "having qualities of,appropriate to, fitting," irregularly descended from O.E.-lic, from P.Gmc.*-liko- (cf. O.Fris.-lik, Du. -lijk, O.H.G.-lih, Ger. -lich, O.N.-ligr), related to*likom- "appearance, form" (cf. O.E.lich "corpse, body;" see lich,which is a cognate; cf. also like(adj.), with which it is identical).

-ly (2)

adverbial ending, from O.E. -lice, fromP.Gmc. *-liko- (cf. O.Fris.-like, O.S. -liko, Du.-lijk, O.H.G. -licho,Ger. -lich, O.N. -liga,Goth. -leiko); see -ly (1).Cognate with lich,and identical with like(adj.).

It is curious that Teut[onic] uses 'body' for the adv.formation, while Rom[anic] uses 'mind,' e.g. F.constamment = L. constantimente. [Weekley]

-lysis

scientific/medical suffix meaning "loosening, dissolving,dissolution," from Gk. lysis "a loosening,setting free, releasing, dissolution," fromlyein "to unfasten, loose, loosen, untie"(see lose). AFrench back-formation gave English -lyze forforming verbs from nouns in -lysis.

-machy

suffix meaning "battle, war, contest," from Gk.-makhia, from makhe"battle, fight," related to makhesthai "tofight," of unknown origin.

-mancy

combining form meaning "divination by means of," from O.Fr.-mancie, from L.L.-mantia, from Gk.manteia "oracle, divination," frommantis "seer, prophet, soothsayer," relatedto mania "madness, frenzy" (see mania).

-ment

suffix forming nouns, originally from French and representingL. -mentum, which was added to verb stemssometimes to represent the result or product of the action. Frenchinserts an -e- between the verbal root andthe suffix (e.g. commenc-e-ment fromcommenc-er; with verbs inir, -i- is insertedinstead (e.g. sent-i-ment fromsentir). Used with English verb stems from16c. (e.g. merriment, which also illustratesthe habit of turning -y to-i- before this suffix).

-meter

comb. form meaning "device or instrument for measuring;commonly -ometer, occasionally-imeter; from Fr.-mètre, from Gk. metron(see meter(3)).

-metry

suffix meaning "process of measuring," M.E.-metrie, from M.Fr.-metrie, from L.-metria, from Gk.-metria "a measuring of," from-metros "measurer of," frommetron "measure" (see meter(2)).

-ness

suffix of action, quality or state, attached to an adjective orpast participle to form a noun, from O.E.-nes(s), a general West Germanic suffix, cf.M.Du. -nisse, O.H.G.-nissa, Ger. -nis,Goth. -inassus.

-nik

as in beatnik, etc., suffix used in wordformation from c.1945, from Yiddish -nik (cf.nudnik "a bore"), from Rus.-nik, common personal suffix meaning "personor thing associated with or involved in" (cf.kolkhoznik "member of akolkhoz"). Rocketed to popularity withsputnik(q.v.).

-oholic

abstracted from alcoholic (q.v.); also see-aholic.

-oid

suffix for "like, like that of," from Gk.-oeides, from eidos"form," related to idein "to see,"eidenai "to know;" lit. "to see," from PIE*weid-es-, from base*weid- "to see, to know" (see vision).

-ol

chemical suffix, variously representingalcohol, phenol, or insome cases L. oleum “oil.”

-ola

commercial suffix, probably originally in pianola(q.v.).

-ology

suffix indicating "branch of knowledge, science," the usualform of -logy,with the -o- belonging to the precedingelement. Related: -ologist.

-oma

from Gk. -oma, from-ma, suffix forming neuter nouns; especiallytaken in medical use as "marked growth, tumor."

-on

subatomic particle suffix, from ion.

-one

chemical suffix, from Gk. -one, fem.patronymic, in chemical use denoting a "weaker" derivative.

-or

suffix forming nouns of quality, state, or condition, from M.E.-our, from O.Fr. -our(Fr. -eur), from L.-orem (nom. -or), asuffix added to pp. verbal stems. Also in some cases from L.-atorem (nom.-ator).


In U.S., via Noah Webster, -or is nearlyuniversal (but not in glamour,curious,generous), while in Britain-our is used in most cases (but with manyexceptions: author, error, senator, ancestor,horror etc.). The -our formpredominated after c.1300, but Mencken reports that the first threefolios of Shakespeare's plays used both spellings indiscriminatelyand with equal frequency; only in the Fourth Folio of 1685 does-our become consistent. A partial revival of-or on the L. model took place from 16c.(governour began to lose its-u- 16c. and it was gone by 19c.), and alsoamong phonetic spellers in both England and America (John Wesleywrote that -or was "a fashionableimpropriety" in England in 1791). In the U.S., Noah Webstercriticized the habit of deleting -u- in-our words in his first speller ("AGrammatical Institute of the English Language," commonly called theBlue-Black Speller) in 1783. His own deletion of the-u- began with the revision of 1804, and wasenshrined in the influential "Comprehensive Dictionary of theEnglish Language" (1806), which also established in the U.S.-ic for British -ickand -er for -re, alongwith many other attempts at reformed spelling which never caught on(e.g. masheen formachine). His attempt to justify them on thegrounds of etymology and the custom of great writers does not holdup. Fowler notes the British drop the -u-when forming adjs. ending in -orous(humorous) and derivatives in-ation and -ize, inwhich cases the Latin origin is respected (e.g.vaporize). When the Americans began toconsistently spell it one way, the British hardened theirinsistence on the other. "The American abolition of-our in such words ashonour and favour hasprobably retarded rather than quickened English progress in thesame direction." [Fowler]

-ory

adjective and noun suffix, "having to do with, characterizedby, tending to, place for," from M.E. -orie,from O.N.Fr. -ory,-orie (O.Fr. -oir,-oire), from L. -orius,-oria, -orium. Latinadjectives in -orius tended to "indicate aquality proper to the action accomplished by the agent; asoratorius from orator;laudatorius fromlaudator. The neuter of these adjectives wasearly employed as a substantive, and usually denoted the place ofresidence of the agent or the instrument that he uses; aspraetorium frompraetor; dormitoriumfrom dormitor;auditorium, dolatorium.These newer words, already frequent under the Empire, becameexceedingly numerous at a later time, especially in ecclesiasticaland scholastic Latin; as purgatorium,refectorium,laboratorium,observatorium, &c." ["AnEtymological Dictionary of the French Language," transl. G.W.Kitchin, Oxford, 1878]

-osis

suffix expressing state or condition, in medical terminologydenoting "a state of disease," from L. -osis,from Gk. -osis, formed from the aorist ofverbs ending in -o. It corresponds to L.-atio.

-our

see -or.

-ous

suffix forming adjectives from nouns, meaning "having, full of,having to do with, doing, inclined to," from O.Fr.-ous, -eux, from L.-osus.

-parous

"bearing, producing," from Latin, fromparrere "to produce, bring forth" (seeparent).

-path

suffix used in modern formations to mean "one suffering from"(a disease or condition), also "one versed in" (a certain type oftreatment), from Gk. -pathes, frompathos "suffering" (see pathos).

-pathic

from L. pathicus, from Gk.pathikos “suffering, remaining passive,” frompathein “to suffer” (see pathos).

-pathy

from Gk. -patheia “suffering, feeling”(see pathos).

-phagous

comb. form meaning "eating, feeding on," from Gk.-phagos "eater of," fromphagein "to eat," lit. "to have a share offood," from PIE base *bhag- "to share out,apportion, distribute," also "to get a share" (cf. Skt.bhajati "assigns, allots, apportions, enjoys,loves," bhagah "allotter, distributor,master, lord," bhaksati "eats, drinks,enjoys;" Pers. bakhshidan "to give;" O.C.S.bogatu "rich").

-phane

comb. form meaning "having the appearance of," from Gk.-phanes, from phainein"to show," phainesthai "to appear" (seephantasm).

-phemia

comb. form meaning "speech," from Gk.-phemia, from pheme"speech," from stem of phemi "I speak,"cognate with L. fari "to speak,"fama "report, reputation" (see fame).

-phile

via French and Latin from Gk. -philos,common suffix in personal names, from philos"loving, dear," from philein "to love," ofunknown origin.

-philia

comb. form meaning "friendship, fondness," from Gk.philia "affection," fromphilos "loving."

-phobe

comb. form meaning "fearing," from Fr.-phobe, from L.-phobus, from Gk.-phobos "fearing," fromphobos "fear, panic, flight,"phobein "put to flight, frighten" (seephobia).

-phone

comb. form meaning "voice," from Gk.phone "voice, sound," from PIE base*bha- "to speak, say, tell" (cf. L.for, fari "to speak,"fama "talk, report;" see fame).

-plasia

comb. form denoting "formation," Mod.L., from Gk.plasis "molding, formation," fromplassein "to mold" (see plasma).

-plast

comb. form denoting "something made," from Gk.plastos "formed, molded," fromplassein "to mold" (see plasma).

-plasty

comb. form meaning "act or process of forming, plasticsurgery," from Gk. -plastia, fromplastos "molded, formed" (see plaster).

-rama

noun suffix meaning "spectacular display or instance of," 1824,abstracted from panorama, ultimately from Gk.horama "sight."

-re

phonetic spelling change from -re to-er in words such asfibre, centre,theatre in U.S. began late 18c.; under urgingof Noah Webster (1804 edition of his speller, and especially the1806 dictionary), it was established over the next 25 years. The-re spelling, like-our, however, had the authority of Johnson'sdictionary behind it and remained in Britain, where it came to be apoint of national pride, contra the Yankees. Despite Webster'sefforts, -re was retained in words with-c- or -g- (e.g.ogre,acre,the latter of which Webster insisted to the end of his days oughtto be aker, and it was so printed in editionsof the dictionary during his lifetime). The-re spelling generally is more justified byconservative etymology, based on French antecedents. It is mettoday in the U.S. only in Theatre in theproper names of entertainment showplaces, where it is perhaps feltto convey a touch of class.

-rel

also -erel, dim. or depreciatory suffix,in some cases from O.Fr. -erel (Mod.Fr.-ereau) or -erelle, butin most cases used with native stems.

-ry

reduced form of -ery.

-s (1)

suffix forming almost all Modern English plural nouns,gradually extended in M.E. from O.E. -as, thenominative plural and accusative plural ending of certain "strong"masculine nouns (cf. dæg "day," nom./acc. pl.dagas "days"). The commonest Germanicdeclension, traceable back to the original PIE inflection system,it is also the source of the Du. -s pluralsand (by rhotacism) Scandinavian -r plurals(e.g. Swed. dagar). Much more uniform todaythan originally; O.E. also had a numerous category of "weak" nounsthat formed their plurals in -an, and otherstrong nouns that formed plurals with -u.Quirk and Wrenn, in their O.E. grammar, estimate that 45 percent ofthe nouns a student will encounter will be masculine, nearlyfour-fifths of them with genitive singular-es and nom./acc. pl. in-as. Less than half, but still the largestchunk. The triumphs of -'s possessives and-s plurals represent common patterns inlanguage: using only a handful of suffixes to do many jobs (cf.-ing), and the most common variant squeezingout the competition. To further muddy the waters, it's beenextended in slang since 1936 to singulars (e.g. ducks,sweets, babes) as an affectionate or dim. suffix. O.E.single-syllable collectives (sheep, folk) aswell as weights, measures, and units of time did not use-s. The use of it in these cases began inM.E., but the older custom is preserved in many traditionaldialects (ten pound of butter; morethan seven year ago; etc.).

-s (2)

third person singular present indicative suffix of verbs, itrepresents O.E. -es, -as, which began toreplace -eð in Northumbrian 10c., andgradually spread south until by Shakespeare's time it had emergedfrom colloquialism and -eth began to belimited to more dignified speeches.

-sch-

this letter group can represent five distinct sounds inEnglish; it first was used by M.E. writers to render O.E.sc-, a sound now generally pronounced "-sh-."Sometimes it was miswritten for -ch-. It alsowas taken in from Ger. (schnapps) and Yiddish(schlemiel). In words derived from classicallanguages, it represents L. sch-, Gk.skh- but in some of these words the spellingis a restoration and the pronunciation does not follow it (cf.schism).

-scope

“an instrument for seeing,” from L.L.-scopium, from Gk.-skopion, from skopein"to look at, examine" (see scope(1)).

-ship

O.E. -sciepe, Anglian-scip "state, condition of being," fromP.Gmc. *-skapaz (cf. O.N.-skapr, O.Fris. -skip,Du. -schap, Ger.-schaft), from base*skap- "to create, ordain, appoint," from PIEbase *(s)kep- (see shape(v.)).

-sis

suffix in Gk. nouns denoting action, process, state, condition,from Gk. -sis, which is identical in meaningwith L. -entia, Eng.-ing.

-sk

reflexive suffix in words of Danish origin (e.g. bask,lit. "to bathe oneself"), contracted from O.N.sik, reflexive pronoun corresponding to Goth.sik, O.H.G. sih, Ger.sich "himself, herself, itself," from PIEbase *se- (cf. L. se"himself").

-some

as a suffix forming adjectives, it represents O.E.-sum (see some;cf. O.Fris. -sum, Ger.-sam, O.N. -samr),related to sama "same." As a suffix added tonumerals meaning "a group of that number" (cf.twosome) it represents O.E.sum "some," used after the genitive plural(cf. sixa sum "six-some"), the inflectiondisappearing in M.E. Use of somewith a number meaning "approximately" also was in O.E.

-sophy

suffix meaning "knowledge," from O.Fr.-sophie, from L.-sophia, from Gk.-sophia, from sophia"skill, wisdom, knowledge," of unknown origin.

-stan

"country," source of place names such as Afghanistan,Pakistan, etc., from Pers. -stan"country," from Indo-Iranian *stanam "place,"lit. "where one stands," from PIE *sta-no-,from base *sta- "to stand" (see stet).

-ster

O.E. -istre, from P.Gmc.*-istrijon, feminine agent suffix used as theequivalent of masculine -ere. Also used inM.E. to form nouns of action (meaning "a person who ...") withoutregard for gender. The genderless agent noun use apparently was abroader application of the original feminine suffix, beginning inthe north of England, but linguists disagree over whether thisindicates female domination of weaving and baking trades, asrepresented in surnames like Webster, Baxter,Brewster, etc. (though spinsterclearly represents a female ending). In Modern English, the suffixhas been productive in forming derivative nouns(gamester, punster, etc.).

-teen

combining form meaning "ten more than," from O.E. -tene, -tiene, from P.Gmc. *tekhuniz (cf. O.S. -tein, Du. -tien, O.H.G. -zehan, Ger. -zehn, Goth. -taihun), an inflected form of the rootof ten;cognate with L. -decim (cf.It. -dici, Sp. -ce, Fr. -ze). The combining form of ordinalnumbers, -teenth, developedfrom O.E. -teoða, -teoðe(W.Saxon), teogoða (Anglian)"tenth."

-th

suffix forming nouns from verbs (depth, strength, truth, etc.), from O.E.-ðu, -ð, from PIE*-ita (cf. Skt. -tati-, Gk. -tet-, L. -tati-). The suffix forming ordinalnumbers (fourth, tenth, etc.)is O.E. -ða, from PIE*-tos (cf. Skt. thah, Gk. -tos, L. -tus).

-tion

suffix forming nouns from verbs, from L. -tionem, accusative of noun suffix-tio (gen. -tionis) forming nouns of condition andaction (the -t- is a Latinpp. stem).

-tomy

comb. form meaning "a cutting," from Gk.-tomia "a cutting of," fromtome "a cutting, section"(see tome).

-trix

fem. agential suffix, from Latin, corresponding to masc.-tor.

-tron

as a suffix in new compounds formed inphysics, 1939, abstracted from electron(Gk. -tron was aninstrumentive suffix).

-trope

comb. form meaning "that which turns," from Gk. tropos (see trope).

-trophy

comb. form meaning "food, nourishment," fromGk. trophe "food,nourishment," related to trephein "make thrive, nourish, rear; tomake solid, congeal, thicken."

-tude

Latinate suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives andparticiples (corresponding to native -ness), from Fr. -tude, from L. -tudo (gen. -tudinis). As a word in its own right,teenager slang shortening of attitude, it dates from1970s.

-tuple

1863, suffix abstracted from quintuple, etc.

-ty (1)

suffix representing "ten" in cardinal numbers (sixty, seventy, etc.), from O.E.-tig, from a Germanic root(cf. Du. -tig, O.Fris.-tich, O.N. -tigr, O.H.G. -zig, -zug, Ger. -zig) that existed as a distinct word inGothic tigjus, O.N.tigir "tens, decades."

English, like many other Germanic languages, retains traces of abase-12 number system. The most obvious instance is eleven and twelve which ought to be the first twonumbers of the "teens" series. Their Old English forms,enleofan and twel(eo)f(an), are more transparent:"leave one" and "leave two." Old English also had hund endleofantig for "110" andhund twelftig for "120."One hundred was hund teantig. The -tig formation ran through 12 cycles, andcould have bequeathed us numbers *eleventy ("110") and *twelfty ("120") had it endured, butalready during the Anglo-Saxon period it was being obscured. OldNorse used hundrað for "120"and þusend for "1,200."Tvauhundrað was "240" andþriuhundrað was "360." OlderGermanic legal texts distinguished a "common hundred" (100) from a"great hundred" (120). This duodecimal system, according to oneauthority, is "perhaps due to contact with Babylonia."

-ty (2)

suffix used in forming abstract nouns fromadjectives (safety, surety,etc.), M.E. -te, from O.Fr.-te, from L. -tatem (-tas, gen. -tatis), cognate with Gk. -tes, Skt. -tati-.

-ule

suffix meaning "small, little" (capsule, module, etc.), from Fr.-ule, from L. diminutivesuffix -ulus (fem.-ula, neut. -ulum).

-ulent

from Latin adjective suffix -ulentus "full of."

-ure

suffix forming abstract nouns of action, fromO.Fr. -ure, from L.-ura.

-ville

suffix sporadically in vogue since c.1840(cf. dullsville,palookaville), abstracted from the -ville in place names (Louisville, Greenville, etc.), from O.Fr.ville "town," from L.villa (see villa).

-vorous

comb form meaning "eating," from L. -vorous, from stem of vorare "to devour" (see voracious).

-ward

adverbial suffix expressing direction, O.E.-weard "toward," lit. "turnedtoward," sometimes -weardes,with genitive singular ending of neuter adjectives, from P.Gmc.*warth (cf. O.S., O.Fris.-ward, O.N. -verðr), variant of PIE *wert- "to turn, wind," from base*wer- "to turn, bend" (seeversus).The original notion is of "turned toward."

-worth

as final element in place names, from O.E. worþ "enclosed place, homestead."

-y (3)

suffix in pet proper names (e.g. Johnny,Kitty),first recorded in Scottish, c.1400; became frequent in English15c.-16c. Extension to surnames seems to date from c.1940. Use withcommon nouns seems to have begun in Scottish with laddie (1546) and become popular inEnglish due to Burns' poems, but the same formation appears to berepresented much earlier in baby andpuppy.

-y (1)

noun suffix, in army,city,country,etc., from O.Fr. -e, L.-atus, -atum, pp. suffix ofverbs of the first conjugation. In victory,history,etc. it represents L. -ia,Gk. -ia.

-y (2)

adjective suffix, "full of or characterizedby," from O.E. -ig, fromP.Gmc. *-iga (cf. Ger.-ig), cognate with Gk.-ikos, L. -icus.

-yer

agent noun suffix, variant of -ierused after a vowel or -w-.

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