愛華網(wǎng)副詞系統(tǒng)歸納學(xué)習(xí)專題
一、副詞的一般特點(diǎn)
1、 副詞是一個(gè)可以修飾a．動(dòng)詞，b．形容詞，c．另一副詞，d．介詞，e．連詞，或f．整個(gè)句子的詞。（黑體詞為被修飾詞）
a．He arrived late．Hestudies hard．
b．He is very honest．Hehas a rather difficult problem．
c．He arrived too late．Hestudies very hard．
d．He started long afterme．She sat just behind John．
e．He arrived long afterI did．She fell ill just because she worked toohard．
f．Luckily hesucceeded．Economically，Africa is underdeveloped
2、副詞放在以下位置：a．放在所修飾詞前面，b．緊跟所修飾詞，c．放在最前頭，d．放在最后頭：
a．It is fairly easy．Heoften came here．
b．John will comesoon．Wait here please．
c．Yesterday John‘sfather suddenly came here．
d．He went to a villagefar away from the city yesterday．
3、 根據(jù)詞義，副詞可以分為下面幾類：
a．時(shí)間副詞，b．地點(diǎn)副詞，c．方式副詞，
d．程度副詞，及e．（不）肯定副詞：
a．He did yesterday．Hewas frequently failed．
b．John sleeps here．Marywent abroad．Let us climb up．
c．He slept soundly．Heran fast．We waited patiently．
d．He is extremelycruel．John walked too fast．
e．Certainly he willreturn．He will probably let me know．
4、副詞和形容詞一樣可有等級(jí)。a．單音節(jié)詞，以加-er和-est的方式構(gòu)成比較級(jí)及最高級(jí)，b．以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞，以加more和most的方式構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。c．還有少數(shù)不規(guī)則的比較形式：
原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)
____________
nearnearernearest
fastfasterfastest
quickly more quicklymost quickly
steadily more steadilymost steadily
cleverly more cleverlymost cleverly
ill/bad/badlyworseworst
wellbetter best
farfarther farthest
muchmoremost
littlelessleast
二、副詞的普通用法
1．幾乎所有副詞可以用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞：
He diedhere．（地點(diǎn)）
He diedyesterday．（時(shí)間）
He diedsuddenly（方式）
Henearly（程度）died．
He hasprobably（肯定性）died．
2．程度副詞可用來(lái)修飾下面的詞：
a．形容詞，b．另一副詞，c．間或修飾動(dòng)詞：
a．He is rather silly．Thehouse is very dark．He has an extremely difficultproblem．
b．He ran much fasterthan I．He speaks English fluently enough．He works toohard．
c．He loves her verymuch．I little know that she is his sister．
方式副詞也可用來(lái)表示程度，修飾形容詞（d）或副詞（e）：
d．He is dreadfullysad．
Mary is remarkably simple．
She is lamentably poor．
He is comfortably warm．
e．He ran tolerablyfast．
He writes immeasurably better than I．
We have waited terribly long．
He read incredibly fast．
注：出于語(yǔ)音上的考慮，副詞及所修飾的副詞不能同時(shí)都以-ly結(jié)尾，避免說(shuō) Heworks terribly slowly．（但可說(shuō) He’s terribly slow．）
3．表示a．程度，b．時(shí)間，或c．地點(diǎn)的副詞可以用來(lái)修飾介詞：
a． He is much against myproposal．
He failed entirelythrough his own fault．
He arrived exactly atfive o‘clock．
he sat just behindme．
b． He came soon afternoon．
He left long before thewar．
c．Helives far beyond that pagoda．
He stood close besideme．
It is near（or hard）bythe bridge．
4．表示a．程度，或b．時(shí)間的副詞可用來(lái)修飾連詞：
a．Hefell ill partly because he worked too hard．
He met her exactly whenshe was angry．
b．He got married longbefore he was graduated．
He died soon after hegot sick．
5．表示a．肯定程度，及b．方式的副詞可以用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子：
a．Hewill surely succeed．
Surely he willsucceed．
He will probablycome．
We must positively getthe license．
Yes，I can．No．Ican’t．
b．Happily，he waspardoned．
Luckily，he has tried hisbest and succeeded．
B．副詞的特殊用法
6．少數(shù)副詞可用來(lái)修飾名詞。在這樣用時(shí)，它們通常放在所修飾名詞的前面：
He is quite ahero（=quite heroic）．
He is regarded as rathera fool（=rather foolish）．
He is almost achild（=almost childish）．
Only Wang studiedEnglish last year．（No other students studied．）
Wang studied onlyEnglish last year．（not any other language）
（Even和almost的作用和only相同）
7.有些副詞（多為地點(diǎn)副詞）在修飾名詞時(shí)，可以看作一個(gè)壓縮的形容詞從句（即定語(yǔ)從句）：
He waited at the bridgethere（=that lay there）．
His life abroad（=which was spentabroad）was hard．
The then king（=king thatreigned then）was cruel．
The above statement isfalse．
The up train（=train thatgoes up）comes at seven．
He went to a farcountry．
8.副詞有時(shí)用在兩個(gè)名詞當(dāng)中：
1）Latin words，namelytechnical terms，often keep their original pluralform．
2）Mr friends，especiallyMary，are very young．
9.有時(shí)副詞出現(xiàn)在with和一名詞中間：
10．When，where，why和 how可用來(lái)引起問句，也可同時(shí)用作副詞和連詞，也就是說(shuō)，用作“關(guān)系副詞”（RelativeAdverbs）：
三、副詞構(gòu)成法
1．有些副詞為簡(jiǎn)單副詞（不帶詞尾）：
often，out，quite，soon，home，back，
there，thus，seldom，ever
2．有些副詞，特別是地點(diǎn)副詞及時(shí)間副詞，常常以加詞尾的方式構(gòu)成：
-ly（=every）：yearly，monthly，daily，fortnightly
-ward（s）（=toward）：backward（s），leftward（s），upward（s），homeward（s），eastward（s），onward（s），inward（s）
-wise，-ways：lengthwise，clockwise，likewise，otherwise；always，lengthways，sideways-long：headlong-ling（s）：sideling（s）
-s：upstairs，outdoors，sometimes，nowadays，needs或在一些單音節(jié)詞前加詞頭或其他簡(jiǎn)單字：
a-：along，away，abroad，apart，aside，adraft，aloud，ashore，across，above
be-：before，below，beneath，besides
介詞：inside，overboard，uphill，beforehand，today
there-：therein（=inthat），thereafter，thereby，thereof，therewith，ect．（陳舊用法）
here-：herein（=inthis），hereafter，hereby，hereof，herewith，etc．（陳舊用法）
where-：wherein（=in whatorwhich），whereon，whereby，whereof，wherewith，ect．（陳舊用法）
3．絕大多數(shù)副詞都由形容詞以下述3種方式構(gòu)成：
a．大多數(shù)方式副詞，都在形容詞后加-ly構(gòu)成。英語(yǔ)中有若干對(duì)副詞，其特點(diǎn)是后者通常在前者后加-ly所構(gòu)成，常見的有：注意拼法：
形容詞副詞形容詞副詞
gladgladlymournfulmournfully
happyhappilyheavyheavily
jollyjollilysillysillily
shyshylydrydryly
duedulytruetruly
ableablyprobableprobably
dulldullyfullfully
vilevilelysolesolely
despotic despoticallyidiomaticidiomatically
publicpubliclyclean,cleanly;
clear,clearly;low,lowly;
direct,directly;just,justly;straight,straightly;strong,strongly;
注意下列形容詞與副詞在詞義上有差異：
near,nearly;pretty,prettily;
right,rightly;short,shortly;
wide,widelydead,deadly;
deep,deeply;late,lately;
hard,hardly;high,highly;
close,closely;most,mostly;
fair,fairly;
（例外情況）
ill-naturedill-naturedly
kind-heartedkind-heartedly
provokingprovokingly
charmingcharmingly
falteringfalteringly
lingeringlingeringly
mistakenmistakenly
hiddenhiddenly
markedmarkedly
undisguisedundisguisedly
但是：friendly（形容詞）—in afriendly way；manly（形容詞）—in a manly manner；kingly（形容詞）—in akinglymanner．
4.和形容詞一樣，以-ingly或-edly結(jié)尾的副詞，也有激起感情及感受情緒的差別，但用得比較少，如：
激起情緒感受情緒
He speaksamusingly.We listenamusedly．
The flowers bloomdelightfully． We watch them de－ligtedly
He behavesdisgustingly．We left disgustedly．
The fight goes onexcitingly． We look on excitedly．
5.．有少數(shù)副詞和形容詞形式相同：
He came in the lateafternoon．（形容詞）
He arrivedlate．（副詞）
He has waited for a longtime．（形容詞）
He has waited solong．（副詞）
6.另一些與形容詞同形的副詞有：
early，fast，far，near，well，ill，high，low，much，lit-tle，only，enough，hard，straight，right，wrong，left，east，west
在口語(yǔ)中有些形容詞直接用作副詞：
It is mightygood．
I am deadtired．
The soup is precioushot．
He is terriblerude．
7．有些單音節(jié)形容詞有兩個(gè)副詞形式，一個(gè)帶-ly，一個(gè)不帶，意思不相同：
We must buy cheap（=at alow price）．We got offcheaply（=easily）．
He liveshigh（=luxuriously）．He spoke highly（=well）of me．
He came near．Henearly（=almost）died．
He played foul．He wasfoully murdered．
I love Mary most．Theyare mostly crazy．
8．有少數(shù)副詞與指示代詞同形：
He has some（=about）fiftypounds．
Itsomething（=somewhat）astonished me．
I care nothing（=not atall）for your threat．
Can you wait any（=in anyway）more？I can’t wait anymore．
I slept none（=never）．Ipassed the night none too com－fortably．
Is itthat（=so）easy？
He isall（=entirely）alone．
