愛華網(wǎng)一、直接引語和間接引語
1、直接引語
在引用別人的原話時(shí)，被引用的句子稱為直接引語。引起引語的詞稱為引用動(dòng)詞。
“I remember I have seen you.”I said.
He said , “I lost my umbrella.”
2、間接引語
當(dāng)人們用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話時(shí)，被轉(zhuǎn)述的部分稱為間接引語（indirect speech），也可稱作引語結(jié)構(gòu)（reportedstructure）。
Mary said she had already seen the film.
He replied that he was going by train.
這時(shí)被引用部分常常是引用動(dòng)詞的賓語。除了say, reply這類詞外，還有很多動(dòng)詞可跟這種從句。
He felt he had to do something.
She guessed that he had gone to town.
He thought she was worried.
He explained that the train wasn’t running.
二、直接引語變間接引語
1、如何變?nèi)朔Q
下面有一句順口溜“一隨主。二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”?！耙浑S主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化如：
She said. "My brother wants to gowith me. "
→She said her brother wanted to gowith her.
“二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱?；虮坏诙四闼揎?。從句中的人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒有賓語。也可以用第一人稱，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→
He asked Kate how her sister wasthen。
“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時(shí)。如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was agood worker。
2、如何變時(shí)態(tài)：
直接引語在改為間接引語時(shí)、時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
現(xiàn)在時(shí)它需改為過去時(shí)態(tài)；過去時(shí)態(tài)改為完成時(shí)；過去完成時(shí)則保留原來的時(shí)態(tài)。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)
一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)
過去完成時(shí)不變
一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)
如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would goto see his friend。
但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般不變化。
①直接引語是客觀真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around theearth, the teacher told me.
→ The teacher told me the earthmoves around the sun and the moon moves around theearth。
②直接引語是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in thestreet?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in thestreet。
③直接引語中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said hewas born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引語如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，變間接引語，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up atsix every morning。
⑤如果直接引語中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有過去時(shí)的形式（例：ought to， hadbetter, used to)和已經(jīng)是過去時(shí)的形式時(shí)，（例：could, should, would,might）不再變。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。"
→Peter said Ihad better go there that day。
“You should be back by six.”shesaid.
→She said I should be back by six.
⑥當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在仍然如此時(shí)（如改變可能引起誤會(huì)），可以保持原時(shí)態(tài)。
She said ,“I’ll be back tonight.”
→She said that she will be back tonight.
她說她今晚回來。（這可能是午后的話）
⑦直接引語中凡有when, since引導(dǎo)的從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，從句的過去時(shí)態(tài)不變。
He said, “I have studied English since I was at the age offive.”
→He said he had studied English since he was at the age offive
⑧當(dāng)直接引語是虛擬語氣時(shí)，保持原時(shí)態(tài)不變。
“We wish we didn’t have to take exams.”said thechildren.
→The children said they wishedthey didn’t have to take exams.
3、如何變狀語：
直接引語變間接引語，狀語變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)律，時(shí)間狀語由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來”（例：now變?yōu)閠hen,yesterday。變?yōu)?the daybefore）地點(diǎn)狀語，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語，由“此”改為“彼”（例：this 改為that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books werehis.
一般說來，here 常改為there，today 改為that day。這類改變大致可用下表表示：
在直接引語中在間接引語中
指示代詞
this(place)that (place)
these(places)those (places)
時(shí)間狀語
nowthen
today,tonightthat day, that night
this week (month, etc)thatweek (month, etc.)
yesterdaythe day before, the previous day
last week(month)the week (month, etc.) before
two days (a year, etc) ago twodays (a year,etc.) before (earlier)
tomorrowthe next (following ) day
next week (month,etc.)the next (following) week (month,etc.)
表地點(diǎn)的詞
here there
4、如何變句型：
①直接引語如果是陳述句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：Shesaid, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that theirbus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.如：Hesaid, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →Mymother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went toschool by bus or by bike.
③直接引語如果是特殊問句，間接引語應(yīng)該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（賓語從句必須用陳述句語序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me whenthey had their dinner.
④直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應(yīng)改為"tell(ask, order,beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told(ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup oftea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup oftea.
⑤直接引語如果是以“Let‘s”開頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，通常用“suggest+動(dòng)句詞（或從句）?！比纾?br />He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to thefilm.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
⑥直接引語是祝福語
當(dāng)直接引語是祝福語，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時(shí)，可以用saysomethingtosomeone;wishsomeonetobe/have...形式。如：
“Happybirthdaytoyou,Alice!”Garysaid.
a.Garysaid“Happybirthday”toAlice.
b.GarywishedAlicetohaveahappybirthday.
⑦直接引語是感嘆句
當(dāng)直接引語是感嘆句時(shí)，可以轉(zhuǎn)換為以原來的感嘆詞what或how所引導(dǎo)的賓語從句；也可以用that把原來的感嘆句改為賓語從句。如：
Wesaid:“Whataclevermonkeyitis!”
a.Wesaidwhataclevermonkeyitwas.
b.Wesaidthatitwasaclevermonkey.
直接引語和間接引語練習(xí)
I.請(qǐng)選出正確的答案：
1.WherewasAlice’ssister?Idon’tknowwhere________.
A.wasAlice’ssisterB.Alice’ssisterwas
C.isAlice’ssisterD.Alice’ssisteris
2.Whatdidhesay?Idon’tknowwhat_________.
A.didhesayB.hesaysC.hehassaidD.hesaid
3.Idon’tknow___________.
A.thereasonwhycanbeB.whythereasonmaybe
C.whatthereasoncanbeD.whatthereasonmaybe
4.Iwonder_________.whichofthefollowingisnottherightchoice?
A.whethershewillbefitforthejobornotB.whetherornotshewillbefitforthejob
C.ifshewillbefitforthejobD.whatshewillbefitforthejob
5.IsMr.WufromBeijing?Idon’tknow________.
A.wheredoeshecomefromB.fromwheredoeshecomeC.whichcityhecomesfromD.whatcityhecomesfrom
6.Canyoumakesure___________?
A.thathewillcomeheretodayB.whenhewillcomeheretodayC.willhecomeheretodayD.whetherwillhecomeheretoday
7.Doyouhappentoknow________?A.whereisheraddressB.inwhichplaceisheraddress
C.whatheraddressisD.theplaceheraddressis
8.Excuseme,butcanyoutellme___________?A.wherecanIgettothelibraryB.whereIcangettothelibraryC.howcanIgettothelibraryD.howIcangettothelibrary
9.Johnaskedme_______tovisithisuncle’sfarmwithhim.
A.howwouldIlikeB.ifornotwouldIlike
C.whetherIwouldlikeD.whichIwouldlike
10.I’dliketoknow________Chinese.
A.whenhebegantolearnB.whendidhebegintolearn
C.whendidhebeginlearningD.forhowlonghebegantolearn
Ⅱ、將所給直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語，每空一詞：
1. “I never eat meat.” hesaid.
He said that ______ never ______meat.
2. “I’ve found my wallet.” he saidto me.
He ______ me that he ______ ____________ wallet.
3. “I took it home with me.” shesaid.
She said that ______ _____________ it home with her.
4. The teacher said, “The sunrises in the east and goes down in the west.”
The teacher said that the sun______ in the east and ______ down in the west.
5. “I met her yesterday.” he saidto me.
He ______ me that he ______ metthe day ______.
6. “You must come here beforefive.” he said.
He said that I ______ to go ______before five.
7. “I bought the house 10 yearsago.” he said.
He said that he _______ bought thehouse 10 years _______.
8. “Did you see her last week?” hesaid.
He ______ ______ I had seen herthe week _______.
9. He said, “You can sit here,Jim.”
He ______ Jim that he ______ sitthere
10. He asked, “How did you findit, mother?”
He asked her mother ______ ____________ found it.
11. “Where have you been thesedays?” he asked.
He asked me _______ ______________been _______ days.
12. “Do you know where she lives?”he asked.
He asked ______ ______ knew whereshe ______.
13. “Stop making so much noise,children.” he said.
He ______ the children ____________ ______ so much noise.
14. “Don’t tell him the news.” shesaid.
She told me _______ ______ ______him the news.
15. “Are you intested in this?” hesaid.
He ______ ______ I was interestdin ______.
Ⅲ、將下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語：
1.“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”hisfathersaidtohim.
2.Mr.Wangsaid,“IwillleaveforShanghaionbusinessnextmonth,children”
3.“Ihaven’theardfrommyparentsthesedays,”saidMary.
4.Thegeographyteachersaidtous,“Themoonmovesaroundtheearthandtheearthgoesroundthesun.”
5.Shesaidtohim,“It’stimethatyoulefthere.”
6.ZhangHongsaidtome,“DoctorWangpassedawayin1948.”
7.Johnsaidtohisparents,“Ihadlearned500Chinesewordsbytheendof
lastterm.”
8.Thehistoryteachersaidtothem,“TheChineseCommunistPartywasfoundedonJuly1st,1921.”
9.Hesaid,“Areyouastudent?”
10.“HaveyouanythinginterestingIcanread,George?”shesaid.
11.“She’sheretoaskforhelp,isn’tshe?”heasked.
12.“Whereareyougoing?”thefatheraskedhisson.
13.“Areyousorryforwhatyouhavedone?”themotheraskedthenaughtyboy.
14.Shesaid,“Didyoumeetthismanatthestationtwohoursago,Mr.Li?”
15.“Writeyournamesonyourpapersfirst,”theteachersaidtous
16.“Pleasecomehereagaintomorrow,”herfriendsaidtoher.
17.“Letmepacktheparcelforyou,”hesaid.
18.“Don’tmakesomuchnoiseinclass,boysandgirls,”saidtheteacher.
19.“Whatalovelydayitis!”
20.“HappyNewYeartoyou!”hesaid.
Ⅳ、把下列句子變?yōu)橹苯右Z：
1.ItoldhimthatIhadlostmymoneyandthatIwouldfindit.
2.SheaskedwhetherIwouldbefreethenextdayornot.
3.Iaskedherwhereshewasgoingandwhatshewasgoingtodothenextday.
4.Hisfathertoldhimnottoclimbthathightreeinhisnewcoat.
5.Thestrangeraskedmewhatmynamewas.
6.Shesaidthatshewouldfinishherworkthenextday.
7.Theteacheraskedifwecoulddoit.
8.Thecommanderorderedhismennottocrosstheriverbeforedawn.
9.Myteacheraskedwhetherhewascoming.
10.ThescientistaskedmewhatIwasdoing.
Ⅴ、盡可能快地口頭把下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語：
1 He said , “Mother, the boy isvery naughty.”
2 He said to me, “I have left mybook in your room.”
3 Kitty said “I’ll call againafter supper this evening.”
4 She said, “I will come hereagain tonight.”
5 He said, “I arrived yesterdaymorning.”
6 She said , “My sister will beback tomorrow morning.”
7 “The children had better go tobed early,” she said.
8 He said , “I have lost myumbrella.”
9 Paul said, “I’m trying to get ataxi.”
10 “I never eat meat.” Heexplained.
11 “Have you been here for ages?”she said.
12 “I took the dictionary homewith me,” he said.
13 “Frank, I came to return youthe book,” Henry said.
14 He asked, “Are you sure yourmother will come?’
15 He asked, “Are you a teacher ora student?”
16 He said to me, “Please comeagain tomorrow.”
17 He said to me, “Don’t do thatagain.”
18 He said, “Where is shegoing?”
19 “Who lives next door?” sheasked.
20 “What’s happened?” heasked.
21 “Where is the airport?” heasked.
22.”What have you got in yourbag?” the asked .
23 “Mary, when is the next train?”he asked.
24 “Why did you stop the car, Tom?” she asked.
25 “Is there anyone here?” heasked.
26 “Do you know Mrs Green?” heasked me.
27 “Shall I wait for them or shallI go on?” the man asked.
28 “Shall I lock the car or leaveit unlocked?” she asked.
29 “Will you be here tomorrow?” heasked me.
30 “Would you like to come in fora drink?” she asked Bill.
31 “Could me give me a hand?” MrBlack asked Tom.
32 “You’ll be back tonight, won’tyou?” my wife asked me.
33 “Don’t swim out too far,children,” mother said.
34 “Please let me have a try.”Jane said to the teacher.
35 “Do sit down, everybody.” saidthe hostess.
36 “Please don’t take any risks,”said his wife.
37 “Don’t forget to take yourpills,” said mother to his daughter.
38 “Put down your gun, man!” saidthe inspector.
39 “Be quiet, girls.” said the oldman.
40 “Bring your textbook with youtomorrow, please.” The teacher said to her.
41 I asked WangPing “Are there any spelling mistakes in my exercises？”
Ⅵ、請(qǐng)將下面的直接引語變成間接引語。
1. “Whenever myfather is unhappy,” Ann said, “he will go out and buy something,usually something large and useless.
2. “In mostcountries Red Cross stands for humanitarianism (人道主義),” said Mr.Jackson.
3. “You mustleave a note for your mother,” said Mabel, “otherwise, she’ll beterribly worried when you’re not in at your usual time.”
4. “You canleave your motor cycle in my garage if you like,” Mr. Corder said.“I’ll keep an eye on it while you’re away.
5. He said,“After the lecture I have to rush home.”
6. Mary said,“I’m starting the work the day after tomorrow.”
7. He said, “Ifwhat you said is true I must go to the police.”
8. “I know theumbrella belongs to you, but I thought it would be all right if Iborrowed it,” said my nephew.
9. “You mustn’tforget to put the stamp on or your friend will have to pay doublepostage (郵資),” he told me.
10. “I’ve left some books on yourtable,” said Tom. “I think you’ll find them useful. You can keepthem as long as you need them, but I’d like them back when you’vefinished with them.”
直接引語和間接引語練習(xí)參考答案
Ⅰ、1-5BDCDC6-10ACDCA
Ⅱ、1. he, ate2. told, had, found, his
3. she, had,taken4. rise, goes
5. told, had,before6. had, there
7. had, before8. asked, if [whether], before
9. told, could10. how, she, had
11. where, I, had,those12. if [whether], I, lived
13. told, to,stop14. not, to, tell
15. asked, if [whether],that
Ⅲ、1.Hisfathertoldhimthatheshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.
2.Mr.WangtoldthechildrenthathewouldleaveforShanghaionbusinessthenextmonth.
3.Marysaidthatshehadn’theardfromherparentsthosedays.
4.Thegeographyteachertoldusthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearthandtheearthgoesroundthesun.
5.Shetoldhimthatitwastimethatheleftthere.
6.ZhangHongtoldmethatDoctorWangpassedawayin1948.
7.Johntoldhisparentsthathehadlearned500Chinesewordsbytheendoflastterm.
8.ThehistoryteachertoldthemthattheChineseCommunistPartywasfoundedonJuly1st,1921.
9.HeaskedwhetherIwasastudent.
10.SheaskedGeorgeifhehadanythinginterestingshecouldread.
11.Heaskedwhethershewastheretoaskforhelpornot.
12.Thefatheraskedhissonwherehewasgoing.
13.Themotheraskedthenaughtyboyifhewassorryforwhathehaddone.
14.SheaskedMr.Liwhetherhehadmetthatmanatthestationtwohoursbefore.
15.Theteachertoldustowriteournamesonourpapersfirst.
16.Herfriendaskedhertogothereagainthenext/followingday.
17.Heofferedtopacktheparcelforme.
18.Theteachertoldtheboysandgirlsnottomakesomuchnoiseinclass.
19.He/Sheexclaimedthatitwasreallyalovelyday.
20.HewishedmeaHappyNewYear.
Ⅳ1.Isaidtohim,“Ihavelostmymoney.Iwillfindit.”
2.Sheasked,“Youwillbefreetomorrow,won’tyou?”
3.Iaskedher,“Whereareyougoingandwhatareyougoingtodotomorrow?”
4.Hisfathersaid,“Don’tclimbthishightreeinyournewcoat.”
5.Thestrangerasked,“What’syourname?”
6.“I’llfinishmyworktomorrow,”shesaid.
7.Theteacherasked,“Canyoudoit?”
8.Thecommanderorderedhismen,“Don’tcrosstheriverbeforedawn.”
9.Myteacherasked,“Ishecoming?”
10.Thescientistaskedme,“Whatareyoudoing?”
Ⅴ、略.
Ⅵ、1. Ann saidwhenever her father was unhappy he would go out and buy something,usually something large and useless.2. Mr.Jackson said in most countries Red Cross stood forhumanitarianism.
3. Mabel told methat I must leave a note for my mother, otherwise she would beterribly worried when I was not in at my usual time.
4. Mr. Cordersaid to me that I could leave my motor cycle in his garage if Iliked and that he would keep an eye on it while I wasaway.
5. He said afterthe lecture he had to rush home.
6. Mary said shewas starting the work in two days’ time.
7. He told me ifwhat I had said was true he must go to the police.
8. My nephewsaid to me he knew the umbrella belonged to me, but he had thoughtit would be all right if he borrowed it.
9. He told methat I mustn’t forget to put the stamp on or my friend would haveto pay double postage.
10.Tom said he had left some books on my table, and that he thought Iwould find them useful. He also said I could keep them as long as Ineeded them, but he would like them back when I had finished withthem.
