現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成：

規(guī)則變化 原形動詞結(jié)尾情況，現(xiàn) 在 分詞，過去分詞
一般情況+ingseeing+edliked
輔音字母+y+ingcarryingy→i,+ed carried
重讀閉音節(jié)雙寫輔音字母,+ing sitting雙寫輔音字母,+edstopped
不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾去掉e,+ing having+dhated
以ie結(jié)尾把ie 改為y+ing

lie-- lying /tie ---tying

/die ---dying
(不規(guī)則動詞變化見變化表)

1、一般情況+2、以不發(fā)音的“e ”結(jié)尾,去掉“e ”再+ing。3、重讀閉音節(jié)4、

（一）分詞的作用

·現(xiàn)在分詞可用于：

·①構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時。e.g. We are studying English.

·②當(dāng)副詞作狀語。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.

·③當(dāng)形容詞作定語、賓補(bǔ)和表語。

·e.g.Falling leaves danced in the air.

·I sawmany birds flying along the river.

·Thestory is very moving.

·過去分詞可用于：

·①構(gòu)成完成時。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.

·②構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.

·③當(dāng)副詞作狀語。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.

·④當(dāng)形容詞作定語、賓補(bǔ)和表語。

·e.g. aboy named Tom

·I sawthe girl killed with my own eyes.

·I’minterested in English.

（二）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的兩大差別

1. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的最大差別在語態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動。

2. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的第二大差別在時態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行，過去分詞表完成。

3. 把握主、被動關(guān)系的兩個前提

1）弄清動詞的確切含義。不少主、被動關(guān)系判斷錯誤都是由于沒弄清動詞的確切含義造成的。

Wrong:Girls frighten snakes.

Right:Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls.

牢記:tire, disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest,frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat,puzzle, ect. 只能作及物動詞，都有“使動”的特點(diǎn)，都含“使……”之義。

2）能熟練判斷分詞的邏輯主語。即明白與哪個詞去構(gòu)成主、被動關(guān)系。

分詞的邏輯主語

邏輯主語就是與分詞具有主、被動關(guān)系的名詞或代詞。它既可能是句子主語，又可能是句中賓語，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是動作行為的發(fā)出者，也有可能是動作行為的承受者。那種認(rèn)為邏輯主語就是動作行為的發(fā)出者的理解是片面的。

分詞的邏輯主語的位置不是固定不變的,而是“活”的——隨著分詞所作語法成分的不同，其邏輯主語位置也不同，所以確定邏輯主語前首先要確定分詞的語法成分。

（1）作狀語時

Seeingthe teacher come in, all the students stood up.

thestudents是seeing的邏輯主語

Heated,the metalexpands. themetal是 heated的邏輯主語

結(jié)論：分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語是句子主語。

（2）作賓補(bǔ)時

I saw himreading lastnight.him 是reading的邏輯主語

His wifefound his hair dyed black.hair是 dyed的邏輯主語

結(jié)論：分詞作賓補(bǔ)，其邏輯主語是句子賓語。

（3）作表語時

The filmismoving.the film是 moving的邏輯主語

Thevisitors lookedsurprised.

thevisitors是surprised的邏輯主語

結(jié)論：分詞作表語，其邏輯主語是句子主語。

（4）作定語時

This isan interestingbook.book是 interesting的邏輯主語

The movedchildren lookedserious.

children是moved的邏輯主語

結(jié)論：分詞作定語，其邏輯主語是被修飾詞（即中心詞）。

（5）用于復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中時（即在獨(dú)立主格中與with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中）

With thetask completed, we went out to take some fresh air.

the task是completed的邏輯主語

It beingSunday, they had no classes. it是being的邏輯主語

結(jié)論：分詞用于復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯主語是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語

附表2：分詞的邏輯主語一覽表

（三）確定分詞的使用的具體步驟

（1）根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)確定分詞的語法成分

（2）找準(zhǔn)邏輯主語

（3）判斷主、被動關(guān)系

（4）選定現(xiàn)在或過去分詞

1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst oflight.

A. followed B.following C. to befollowed D. being followed

簡析：根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分是修飾 noise 的定語短語；據(jù)常識“雷聲隨閃電之后到來”，自然A noisefollows the sudden burst of light , noise與follow是主動關(guān)系。因此，該題應(yīng)選B。

2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include womenuntil 1912.

A. first playingB. to be first played

C. firstplayedD. to be playing

簡析：根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分是一個作定語、修飾 The Olympic Games 的后置分詞短語；TheOlympic Games是動詞 play 的承受者，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，該題選C。

3. What’s the language ____ in Germany?

A.speakingB.spokenC. bespokenD. to speak

簡析：該題應(yīng)選B。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動，等于定語從句 which is spoken

4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famousscientists.

A. invitedB.toinviteC. beinginvitedD. inviting

簡析：該題應(yīng)選A。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動，等于定語從句 who were invited

5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreignlanguage came out in the 16th century.

A. having written B. to bewritten C. beingwritten D. written

簡析：該題應(yīng)選D。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達(dá)被動，等于定語從句which were written

（四）分詞作表語

共同點(diǎn)：分詞作表語時，它起著形容詞的作用。

　　不同點(diǎn)：分詞作表語時，句子的主語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時，與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，所示動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前或同時發(fā)生?！?/p>

1. The news sounds ____.

A.encouraging B.encouraged C.encourage D. to encourage

簡析：根據(jù)語法分析可知， sounds 在此句中用作連系動詞, 待選部分應(yīng)作表語 ；The news 對于動詞encourage 來說應(yīng)是主動關(guān)系，即消息鼓舞人心。因此，該題應(yīng)選A。

2. —How did Bob do in the exams this time?

—Well, his father seems ____ with his results.

A.pleasingB.pleaseC.pleasedD. to please

簡析：根據(jù)語法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作連系動詞, 待選部分作表語。 再根據(jù) his father 對于動詞please 來說應(yīng)是被動關(guān)系, 即這個結(jié)果使他的父親高興。因此, 該題應(yīng)選C。

3. —How did the audience receive the new play?

—They got very ____.

A .exciteB .excitedC .excitedlyD . exciting

簡析：該題應(yīng)選B。測試他們被那出新戲所打動。

（五）分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語

共同點(diǎn)：分詞在復(fù)合賓語中可作賓語補(bǔ)足語，對句子的賓語起補(bǔ)充或說明作用。

　　不同點(diǎn)：分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，句子的賓語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，所示動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前或同時發(fā)生。

1. The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.

A.lyingB.lieC.layD. laying

簡析：首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知, 待選部分在句中應(yīng)作賓補(bǔ), 補(bǔ)充說明賓語 the man; 再根據(jù)賓語 the man對于動詞 lie 來說應(yīng)是主動關(guān)系, 且lie 這個動作與謂語動詞 found 同時進(jìn)行。因此, 該題應(yīng)選A。

2. —Good morning. Can I help you?

—I’d liketo have the package ____, madam.

A. beweighedB. to beweighedC. toweighD. weighed

簡析：首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分在句中應(yīng)作賓補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)充說明賓語 the package; 再根據(jù) thepackage 對于動詞 weigh 來說, 只能是被動關(guān)系。因此，該題應(yīng)選D。

3. He is not good at English, so it is not easy for him to makehimself ______.

A.understand B.understanding C.understood D. understands

簡析：該題應(yīng)選C。himself是make的賓語，待選部分的邏輯主語。由于英語表達(dá)能力差，說出的英語別人難于聽懂，也就不易被人理解。因此，這里用過去分詞來表達(dá)這一被動含義。

4. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel theair ____ against your face.

A.movedB.movingC.movesD. to move

簡析：該題應(yīng)選B。測試使役動詞后用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示賓語正發(fā)出的動作。

（六）分詞作狀語

共同點(diǎn)：分詞作狀語時，一般在句子中作時間、原因、方式或伴隨等狀語。

　　不同點(diǎn)：分詞作狀語時，句子的主語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，所示動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前或同時發(fā)生。

1. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ，____ to the notice.

A.angrily pointingB. and point angrily

C.angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing

簡析：該題應(yīng)選A。測試現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語，通過副詞 angrily 進(jìn)行干擾。若B 答案為 and pointedangrily 時也對。

2. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.

A. NotreceivingB. Receiving not

C. Nothaving receivedD. Having not received

簡析：該題應(yīng)選C。 測試非謂語動詞的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前時用非謂語的完成式。

3. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with thetalks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.

A. havingadded B. toaddC.addingD. added

簡析：該題應(yīng)選C。測試現(xiàn)在分詞可以作補(bǔ)充說明的狀語?！?/p>

另外，分詞作狀語時，如果其邏輯主語與整個句子的主語不一致時，需要獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來替代。(此時，也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。)

例：Themurderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.

A. beingtiedB. having tiedC. to betiedD. tied

簡析：很顯然，待選部分的邏輯主語是 his hands，而不是句子的主語 The murderer , 而 hishands 對于動詞 tie 來說只能是被動關(guān)系。因此，該題應(yīng)選D。

綜上所述，現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的根本區(qū)別是主、被動關(guān)系，正確認(rèn)定邏輯主語是正確使用分詞的關(guān)鍵。明白這一道理并不難，最重要的是要養(yǎng)成“分析句子成分——尋找邏輯主語——判斷主被動關(guān)系”這一思維定勢。

【模擬試題】

I. 單項(xiàng)選擇（75%）

1. ____ the house on fire, he dialed 119. 　

A. ToseeB. SeeingC. HavingseenD. Being seen

2. I fell down and broke three of my teeth. Iwonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth____.

A.fixB.fixingC.fixedD. to fix

3. We’re ___ to listen to her ____ voice. It’s___　to hear her sing.

A. pleased; pleasing;pleasureB. pleased; pleasant; a pleasure

C. pleasing; pleased; apleasureD. pleasing; pleasant; pleasure

4. ___a post office, I stopped____ some stamps.

A. Passed,buyingB. Passing, to buy

C. Having passed,buyD. Pass, to buy

5. ____with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountaindoes not seem high at all.

A. ComparingB. TocompareC.ComparedD. Having compared

6. Here are some new computer programs ____for homebuildings.

A.designingB.designC.designedD. to design

7. ____a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovelynew lamp.

A. TosaveB.SavingC.SavedD. Having saved

8. The teacher came into the classroom ____by his students.

A.followingB. to be following

C.followedD. having followed

9. With the money ___, he couldn’t buy any ticket.

A. toloseB.losingC.lostD. has lost

10. There was so much noise in the room that the speakercouldn’t make himself ____.

A. beingheardB.hearingC.heardD. hear

（KEYS：1—5BCBBC6—10CDCCC）

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