過去分詞作狀語的四種情形
四川綿陽南山中學(xué)輝哥
我們知道過去分詞作狀語可表示原因、時間、條件、方式或伴隨。例如:
1.Praised by theneighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚(yáng),他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
2.Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
3.Seen from the top of the castle, the park looks verybeautiful. (表示條件)
從城堡頂端看,公園十分美麗
4.Though told of the danger, he still risked his life toentered the cave.
雖然被告之有危險,他仍然冒生命危險進(jìn)山洞。(表示讓步)
5.Filled with hopes and fears, he dived deep into theocean.(表示伴隨)
心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他跳進(jìn)了深海里。
在分析使用過去分詞作狀語時,同學(xué)對例1、例3和例5那樣的結(jié)構(gòu)很熟悉,而對例2、例4那樣的結(jié)構(gòu)卻感到難以理解,做題時常犯下錯誤,主要原因是他們不知道過去分詞作狀語有多種情形。實際上過去分詞作狀語有四種情形:
一、分詞短語中的動詞是表被動完成意義的動詞,句子的主語與作狀語用的過去分詞之間在邏輯上是被動的關(guān)系
例:by the beauty of nature , the girl from Londondecided to spend another two days on the farm .(2004,遼寧)
A.AttractingB.AttractedC. To be attracted D.Havingattracted
分析:答案為B。句子的主語與作狀語用的過去分詞之間在邏輯上是被動的關(guān)系。可以把狀語部分轉(zhuǎn)換為:(As the girl was )attracted by thebeauty of the nature,… attracted 表示被動意義“被迷住,被吸引”。
二、分詞短語中的動詞沒有被動意義,而是由一些含be動詞的短語或系表結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換而來。這時,句子的主語與作狀語用的過去分詞之間在邏輯上并沒有被動的關(guān)系。學(xué)過的能夠用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的常見短語有:beinterested in , be well known as, be dressed in, be determined todo, be absorbed in, be fascinated by, be addicted to, be devotedto,等等。
例:________ in a white uniform, helooks more like a cook than a doctor.(2005,湖南)
A.DressedB. TodressC. DressingD. Having dressed
分析:答案為A??梢园褷钫Z部分轉(zhuǎn)換為:When ( he was )dressed in a white uniform,…作狀語的過去分詞dressed來自于“be dressed in”這個短語。be dressed in 表穿著的狀態(tài),如:She is dressed in a blue skirt.句子的主語he與作狀語用的過去分詞dressed之間在邏輯上并沒有被動的關(guān)系。
例:________ in the mountains for aweek, the two students were finally saved by the localpolice(2005,江蘇)
A. HavinglostB.LostC. BeinglostD. Losing
分析:答案為B??梢园褷钫Z部分轉(zhuǎn)換為: (After the twostudents were) lost in the mountains for a week,….作狀語的過去分詞lost來自于“be lost in”迷路,迷失。如:He was lost in the forest.句子的主語the two students 與作狀語用的過去分詞lost之間在邏輯上并沒有被動的關(guān)系。
三、分詞短語由“while/when/unless/if/once/though/although+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。它們都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成由“while/when/unless/if/once /though/although+ 主語 + 謂語 +過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu),這樣,整個句子就變成了狀語從句。句子的主語與作狀語用的過去分詞之間在邏輯上是被動的關(guān)系。近年來高考題單項填空題中多次考查了這種用法,值得我們復(fù)習(xí)時注意。
例:The research is so designed thatonce______ nothing can be done to change it. (2002,廣東)
A. begins B.having begunC.beginning D. begun
分析:答案為D??梢园汛司滢D(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句:The researchis so designed that once (it is )begun nothing can be doneto change it.
例:Unless______ to speak, youshould remain silent at the conference. (2003,上海春招)
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
分析:答案為A。可以把狀語部分轉(zhuǎn)換為:Unless (youare) invited to speak,…
例:Generally speaking, ______according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.(2003上海)
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
分析:答案為B。同樣可以把狀語部分轉(zhuǎn)換為:…when (thedrug is )taken according to directions,…
你能給出下邊高考題的正確答案并說明理由嗎?
1.It shames me to say it, but Itold a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.(2004全國IV)
A.questioning B. having questionedC. questioned D. to bequestioned
2.When first ________ to themarket, these products enjoyed great success.(2004,全國II)
A. introducingB. introduced C. introduce D.being introduced
3.Whenhelp,one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind ofyou.”(2005,福建)
A.offeringB.toofferC.to beofferedD.offered
4.When_____, the museum will heopen to the public next year. (2002,上海春招)
A. completed B. completing C.being completed D. to be completed
答案:1.C (= when a lie isquestioned) 2. B (=When these products wereintroduced) 3. D (=When one is offered tohelp) 4.A (=When the museum iscompleted)
四:分詞短語中的動詞的動作發(fā)出者不是后面句子的主語發(fā)出的,其邏輯主語同句子的主語也不一致,即獨(dú)立主格。
作狀語用的分詞,其邏輯主語必須同句中主語為同一人或同一事,如以上所舉的各例。但英語中有一種語法現(xiàn)象,那就是當(dāng)分詞有它自己的獨(dú)立主語(不同于句子主語的名詞或代詞)時,則是一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式,在句中作狀語、定語等。
The test finished, we began ourholiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結(jié)束了,我們開始放假。(分詞短語中的邏輯主語the test與句子中的主語we不一致,分詞短語中的動詞finished的動作發(fā)出者也不是后面句子的主語we發(fā)出的)
The meeting gone over, everyonetired to go home earlier.
=After the meeting was gone over,everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結(jié)束后,每個人都想早點回家。(分詞短語中的邏輯主語the meeting與句子中的主語everyone不一致,分詞短語中的動詞goneover的動作發(fā)出者也不是后面句子的主語everyone發(fā)出的)
All things considered, I think weought to take the adventure.
=If all things are considered, Ithink we ought to take the adventure.
如果周到地考慮,我們應(yīng)該去冒險。(分詞短語中的邏輯主語allthings與句子中的主語 I不一致,分詞短語中的動詞considered的動作發(fā)出者也不是后面句子的主語I發(fā)出的)
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