愛華網(wǎng)聯(lián)合國大會一九四八年十二月十日第217A(III)號決議通過并頒布
作者：聯(lián)合國大會
來源：聯(lián)合國網(wǎng)站
來源日期：2005-1-31
本站發(fā)布時間：2009-3-17 22:48:09
閱讀量：1556次
1948年12月10日，聯(lián)合國大會通過并頒布《世界人權(quán)宣言》。這一具有歷史意義的《宣言》頒布后，大會要求所有會員國廣為宣傳，并且“不分國家或領(lǐng)土的政治地位,主要在各級學(xué)校和其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)加以傳播、展示、閱讀和闡述?！薄缎浴啡娜缦拢?br />
序言
鑒于對人類家庭所有成員的固有尊嚴(yán)及其平等的和不移的權(quán)利的承認(rèn)，乃是世界自由、正義與和平的基礎(chǔ)，鑒于對人權(quán)的無視和侮蔑視已發(fā)展為野蠻暴行，這些暴行玷污了人類的良心，而一個人人享有言論和信仰自由并免予恐懼和匱乏的世界的來臨，已被宣布為普通人民的最高愿望，鑒于為使人類不致迫不得已鋌而走險對暴政和壓迫進(jìn)行反叛，有必要使人權(quán)受法治的保護(hù)，于有必要促進(jìn)各國間友好關(guān)系的發(fā)展，鑒于各聯(lián)合國國家的人民已在聯(lián)合國憲章中重申他們對基本人權(quán)、人格尊嚴(yán)和價值以及男女平等權(quán)利的信念，并決心促成較大自由中的社會進(jìn)步和生活水平的改善，鑒于各會員國業(yè)已誓愿同聯(lián)合國合作以促進(jìn)對人權(quán)和基本自由的普遍尊重和遵行，鑒于對這些權(quán)利和自由的普遍了解對于這個誓愿的充分實現(xiàn)具有很大的重要性,因此現(xiàn)在，大會發(fā)布這一世界人權(quán)宣言，作為所有人民和所有國家努力實現(xiàn)的共同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以期每一個人和社會機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)常銘念本宣言，努力通過教誨和教育促進(jìn)對權(quán)利和自由的尊重，并通過國家的和國際的漸進(jìn)措施，使這些權(quán)利和自由在各會員國本身人民及在其管轄下領(lǐng)土的人民中得到普遍和有效的承認(rèn)和遵行。
第一條
人人生而自由，在尊嚴(yán)和權(quán)利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心，并應(yīng)以兄弟關(guān)系的精神相對待。
第二條
人人有資格享受本宣言所載的一切權(quán)利和自由，不分種族、膚色、性別、語言、宗教、政治或其他見解、國籍或社會出身、財產(chǎn)、出生或其他身份等任何區(qū)別。
并且不得因一人所屬的國家或領(lǐng)土的政治的、行政的或者國際的地位之不同而有所區(qū)別，無論該領(lǐng)土是獨立領(lǐng)土、托管領(lǐng)土、非自治領(lǐng)土或者處于其他任何主權(quán)受限制的情況之下。
第三條
人人有權(quán)享有生命、自由和人身安全。
第四條
任何人不得使為奴隸或奴役；一切形式的奴隸制度和奴隸買賣，均應(yīng)予以禁止。
第五條
任何人不得加以酷刑，或施以殘忍的、不人道的或侮辱性的待遇或刑罰。
第六條
人人在任何地方有權(quán)被承認(rèn)在法律前的人格。
第七條
在法律前人人平等，并有權(quán)享受法律的平等保護(hù)，不受任何歧視。人人有權(quán)享受平等保護(hù)，以免受違反本宣言的任何歧視行為以及煽動這種歧視的任何行為之害。
第八條
任何人當(dāng)憲法或法律所賦予他的基本權(quán)利遭受侵害時，有權(quán)由合格的國家法庭對這種侵害行為作有效的補(bǔ)救。
第九條
任何人不得加以任意逮捕、拘禁或放逐。
第十條
人人完全平等地有權(quán)由一個獨立而無偏倚的法庭進(jìn)行公正的和公開的審訊，以確定他的權(quán)利和義務(wù)并判定對他提出的任何刑事指控。
第十一條
（一）凡受刑事控告者，在未經(jīng)獲得辯護(hù)上所需的一切保證的公開審判而依法證實有罪以前，有權(quán)歧視為無罪。
（二）任何人的任何行為或不行為，在其發(fā)生時依國家法或國際法均不構(gòu)成刑事罪者，不得被判為犯有刑事罪。刑罰不得重于犯罪時適用的法律規(guī)定。
第十二條
任何人的私生活、家庭、住宅和通信不得任意干涉，他的榮譽(yù)和名譽(yù)不得加以攻擊。人人有權(quán)享受法律保護(hù)，以免受這種干涉或攻擊。
第十三條
（一）人人在各國境內(nèi)有權(quán)自由遷徙和居住。
（二）人人有權(quán)離開任何國家，包括其本國在內(nèi)，并有權(quán)返回他的國家。
第十四條
（一）人人有權(quán)在其他國家尋求和享受庇護(hù)以避免迫害。
（二）在真正由于非政治性的罪行或違背聯(lián)合國的宗旨和原則的行為而被起訴的情況下，不得援用此種權(quán)利。
第十五條
（一）人人有權(quán)享有國籍。
（二）任何人的國籍不得任意剝奪，亦不得否認(rèn)其改變國籍的權(quán)利。
第十六條
（一）成年男女，不受種族、國籍或宗教的任何限制，有權(quán)婚嫁和成立家庭。他們在婚姻方面，在結(jié)婚期間和在解除婚約時，應(yīng)有平等的權(quán)利。
（二）只有經(jīng)男女雙方的自由的和完全的同意，才能締婚。
（三）家庭是天然的和基本的社會單元，并應(yīng)受社會和國家的保護(hù)。
第十七條
（一）人人得有單獨的財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)以及同他人合有的所有權(quán)。
（二）任何的財產(chǎn)不得任意剝奪。
第十八條
人人有思想、良心和宗教自由的權(quán)利；此項權(quán)利包括他的宗教或信仰的自由，以及單獨或集體、公開工秘密地以教義、實踐、禮拜和戒律表示他的宗教或信仰的自由。
第十九條
人人有權(quán)享有主張和發(fā)表意見的自由；此項權(quán)利包括持有主張而不受干涉的自由；和通過任何媒介和不論國界尋求、接受和傳遞消息和思想的自由。
第二十條
（一）人人有權(quán)享有和平集會和結(jié)社的自由。
（二）任何人不得迫使隸屬于某一團(tuán)體。
第二十一條
（一）人人有直接或通過自由選擇的代表參與治理本國的權(quán)利。
（二）人人有平等機(jī)會參加本國公務(wù)的權(quán)利。
（三） 人民的意志是政府權(quán)力的基礎(chǔ)；這一意志應(yīng)以定期和真正的選舉予以表現(xiàn)，而選舉應(yīng)依據(jù)普遍和平等的投票權(quán)，并以不記名投票或相當(dāng)?shù)淖杂赏镀背绦蜻M(jìn)行。
第二十二條
每個人、作為社會的一員，有權(quán)享受社會保障，并有權(quán)享受他的個人尊嚴(yán)和人格的自由發(fā)展所必需的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和文化方面各種權(quán)利的實現(xiàn)，這種實現(xiàn)是通過國家努力和國際合作并依照各國的組織和資源情況。
第二十三條
（一）人人有權(quán)工作、自由選擇職業(yè)、享受公正和合適的工作條件并享受免于失業(yè)的保障。
（二）人人有同工同酬的權(quán)利，不受任何歧視。
（三）每一個工作的人，有權(quán)享受公正和合適的報酬，保證使他本人和家屬有一個符合人的尊嚴(yán)的生活條件，必要時并輔以其他方式的社會保障。
（四）人人有為維護(hù)其利益而組織和參加工會的權(quán)利。
第二十四條
人人有享受休息和閑暇的權(quán)利，包括工作時間有合理限制和定期給薪休假的權(quán)利。
第二十五條
（一）人人有權(quán)享受為維持他本人和家屬的健康和福利所需的生活水準(zhǔn)，包括食物、衣著、住房、醫(yī)療和必要的社會服務(wù)；在遭到失業(yè)、疾病、殘廢、守寡、衰老或在其他不能控制的情況下喪失謀生能力時，有權(quán)享受保障。
（二）母親和兒童有權(quán)享受特別照顧和協(xié)助。一切兒童，無論婚生或非婚生，都應(yīng)享受同樣的社會保護(hù)。
第二十六條
（一）人人都有受教育的權(quán)利，教育應(yīng)當(dāng)免費，至少在初級和基本階段應(yīng)如此。初級教育應(yīng)屬義務(wù)性質(zhì)。技術(shù)和職業(yè)教育應(yīng)普遍設(shè)立。高等教育應(yīng)根據(jù)成績而對一切人平等開放。
（二）教育的目的在于充分發(fā)展人的個性并加強(qiáng)對人權(quán)和基本自由的尊重。教育應(yīng)促進(jìn)各國、各種族或各宗教集團(tuán)的了解、容忍和友誼，并應(yīng)促進(jìn)聯(lián)合國維護(hù)和平的各項活動。
（三）父母結(jié)其子女所應(yīng)受的教育的種類，有優(yōu)先選擇的權(quán)利。
第二十七條
（一）人人有權(quán)自由參加社會的文化生活，享受藝術(shù)，并分享科學(xué)進(jìn)步及其產(chǎn)生的福利。
（二）人人以由于他所創(chuàng)作的任何科學(xué)、文學(xué)或美術(shù)傷口而產(chǎn)生的精神的和物質(zhì)的利益，有享受保護(hù)的權(quán)利。
第二十八條
人人有權(quán)要求一種社會的和國際的秩序，在這種秩序中，本宣言所載的權(quán)利和自由能獲得充分實現(xiàn)。
第二十九條
（一）人人對社會負(fù)有義務(wù)，因為只有在社會中他的個性才可參得到自由和充分的發(fā)展。
（二）人人在行使他的權(quán)利和自由時，只受法律所確定的限制，確定此種限制的唯一目的確在于保證對旁人的權(quán)利和自由給予應(yīng)有的承認(rèn)和尊重，并在一個民主的社會中適應(yīng)道德、公共秩序和普遍福利的正當(dāng)需要。
（三）這此權(quán)利和自由的行使，無論在任何情下均不得違背聯(lián)合國的宗旨和原則。
第三十條
本宣言的任體條文，不得解釋為默許任何國家、集團(tuán)或人個有權(quán)進(jìn)行任何旨在破壞本宣言所載的任何權(quán)利和自由的活動或行為。
英文版
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Preamble
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,
Now, therefore,
The General Assembly,
Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
Article I
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 6
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
Article 11
Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.
No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article 12
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13
Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State.
Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Article 14
Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 15
Everyone has the right to a nationality.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
Article 16
Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
Article 17
Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20
Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21
Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country.
The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 22
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article 23
Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article 24
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26
Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
Article 27
Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29
Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.
In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 30
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
