愛華網(wǎng)過去分詞（短語）作狀語及定語是非謂語動詞的重要用法，也是高考考察的熱點，現(xiàn)分析如下：
I.過去分詞（短語）作狀語
過去分詞（短語）作狀語時表示的動作是主語動作的一部分，與謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)幾乎是同時發(fā)生，或是先于謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生，它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。過去分詞作狀語一般都用逗號同其它成分隔開，常表時間，條件，原因，方式，伴隨，讓步等含義，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。
1．作時間狀語相當(dāng)于when引導(dǎo)的從句，通常放于句首。例如：
Seen from the top of the hill (= Whenthe city is seen from the top of the hill), the city looks morebeautiful.
Accepted by theParty, he decided to devote his life to the cause of theParty.入黨以后，他決定獻(xiàn)身于黨的事業(yè)。
2． 作條件狀語相當(dāng)于if,unless引導(dǎo)的從句，一般放在句首。例如：
Given more attention (= If it is givenmore attention), the accident could have been avoided.
Given another chance,he will do better.再給他一次機(jī)會，他會做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should makegreater efforts to study English.和你哥哥相比，你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語。
If heated, water can be turned intosteam.水如果被加熱，會變成水蒸氣。
3． 作原因狀語相當(dāng)于because, as,since引導(dǎo)的從句，多放于句首。例如：
Scolded (=As she was scolded) by theteacher, the girl sat there without lifting her head.
Encouraged by the speech, the youngpeople made up their minds to take up thestruggle.受到了講演的鼓舞，年輕人決定起來從事斗爭。
4．作方式或伴隨狀語時，一般不能用狀語從句替換，但可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列分句或非限制性定語從句，可位于句首或句尾。例如：
Surrounded by his students, theprofessor sat there cheerfully. (= The professor was surrounded byhis students and sat there cheerfully.)
The old man went intothe room, supported by his wife.那個老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talkingabout my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題。
5． 作讓步狀語相當(dāng)于though,if引導(dǎo)的從句，常放在句首。例如：
Tired(= Though he was tired), theworker went on working.
Exhausted by therunning, they went on running after therobber.盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個強(qiáng)盜。
Laughed at by many people, he continued hisstudy.盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
6．過去分詞（短語）作狀語時，有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，前面可帶連詞when, while,if, though, as if, unless, until等，以便使句意更清楚。例如：
If given more time, they would havedone it better.
II.過去分詞（短語）作定語
過去分詞作定語時，表示完成和被動的意義。
過去分詞作定語的位置：
1．單個的過去分詞作定語，絕大部分情況下放在所修飾的名詞前。例如：
an excited boy; boiledwater.但有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可放在所修飾的名詞后。例如：
I want to change the material used.
下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意：departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived,recently-come如果被修飾的詞是由every / some / any /no + thing / body /one所構(gòu)成的不定代詞或指示代詞those時，單個的過去分詞也要放在被修飾詞之后。例如：Isthere anybody injured?
2．過去分詞短語作定語時放在所修飾的名詞后，作用相當(dāng)于定語從句。例如：
He is reading a novel written (= whichwas written) by Lu Xun.
Some of the people invited (= who havebeen invited) to the party can’t come.
過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語，前后用逗號隔開。如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular withmany Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國人民的喜愛。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students,was a success. 這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千個學(xué)生出席了。
過去分詞常表示動作發(fā)生的時間早于謂語動詞,或者沒有時間性,只表示被動關(guān)系.如:
The question discussed is veryimportant.被討論過的問題是很重要的.(既表被動又表完成)
I don't like to see letters written inpencil.我不喜歡看用鉛筆寫的信.(沒有一定的時間性,只表被動)
過去分詞短語作定語有三種時態(tài)：表示動作已發(fā)生；表示動作將要發(fā)生；表示動作正在發(fā)生。對比以下三句：
The building built last year is verybeautiful.
The building being built will becompleted next month.
The building to be built will be ahospital.
III、過去分詞作表語
過去分詞作表語，表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài)。
用作表語的過去分詞，被動意味很弱，主要表示動作的完成和狀態(tài)。此時的過去分詞相當(dāng)于一個形容詞，其后常不跟by 短語。如：
The glass is broken. 玻璃破了。
Our classroom is crowded.我們的教室很擁擠。
The ground is covered with snow.地上覆蓋著雪。
注：被動語態(tài)的過去分詞，動作意義很強(qiáng)，句子主語為動作的承受者，后常跟“by+ 施動者”。如：
The glass was broken by Jack.玻璃是杰克打破的。
The windows were closed by Li Ming last night.昨天夜里是李明關(guān)的窗。
表示感覺的一些過去分詞 (surprised,disappointed, excited, pleased 等 ) 及其他一些過去分詞（ dressed,drunk, devoted, lost, known, married, bent, recovered, separated等）常可用作表語，表示狀態(tài)。其中有些只表狀態(tài)，毫無被動意義。如：
I found that I was lost. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我迷路了。
Those days are passed and gone那些日子一去不復(fù)返了。
He is dead drunk. 他喝得爛醉。
