愛華網(wǎng)英語中的后置定語，你了解多少？
臨淄中學 躍在淵
盡管英語和漢語的句子主要成份均是：主語、謂語、賓語或表語，這基本是一致的。在英語中，定語的位置一般比較固定，單個詞作定語時，多置于其所修飾的名詞之前；短語和從句作定語時一般置于被修飾的名詞之后，我們稱之為的后置定語。學生在閱讀過程中，往往受到后置定語的影響，在閱讀中找不準句子的主干，理解不了句子的意思，影響了對文章的理解，因此，這里我對后置定語進行歸納整理，以便對它有個系統(tǒng)的認識。
一、單個詞作定語后置的情況
1、以a-開頭的表示狀態(tài)的形容詞，一般在句子中當表語成份，但作定語時須后置，類似的形容詞有：alive, asleep, alike, alone. awake,aware, ashamed, adrift, ablaze, absent, afraid,available等如：
He spoke like a manafraid.他說話的時候像是很害怕似的。
Tom was the only boy awake at thattine.那時湯姆是唯一醒著的男孩。
The house ablaze is next door tomine. 那著火的房子就在我家隔壁。
2、部分表示方位、處所、時間副詞作定語。如here, there, above, below, upstairs.downstairs. outside, inside,around. today, nearby 等常作后置定語。如：
A boy outside is waiting foryou.
People there are veryfriendly.
The man upstairs is making anoise.
3、形容詞修飾復合不定代詞時應后置
I have something important to tellyou.
There is nothingserious.
There is nobody suitable for thejob.
4、else 只作后置定語，修飾疑問詞或不定代詞。
When else shall we meet again, ifFriday is not convenient for you?
Ask someone else to help you if Davidis not free.
Who else can we turnto?
5、left 和remaining 都表示有“剩下的”的意思，但left只作后置定語。如：
There is five minutesleft.remaining應作前置定語。如：
The lady bought a gift for herdaughter as a birthday gift with the remaining 30dollars.
6、involved意為“有牽連的”，“涉及到的”，只作后置定語，如：
the problems involved.
7、有些詞既可作前置定語，也可作后置定語。如：
possible, enough,more（另外，附加的）proper
I don’t have wine enough for fivepersons at the moment
=I don’t have enough wine for fivepersons at the moment.
They thought about all the meanspossible（= possible means）
Today I will have to write twoletters more（= two moreletters）
8、有些詞既可當作前置定語又可當后置定語，但含義不一樣。
如：used, concerned,present
All the peoplepresent（在場的）voted for him.
Present situation isserious.（目前的，現(xiàn)在的）
All partiesconcerned（有關的）are present.
Concerned （憂慮的）parents held ameeting.
the method used is veryefficient （運用的，使用的）
This is a usedbike.（舊的）
二、短語作后置定語。
1、介詞短語、副詞短語、形容詞短語等用作后置定語。
如 The man in the car isJim’s father. （介詞短語）
He made a report on modernscience （介詞短語）
A friend in need is a friendindeed（介詞短語）
I live in a village far fromhere（副詞短語）
He cast it a second time, and drew inan old basket full of sand （形容詞短語）
2、不定式用作后置定語。如：
Would you like something todrink
What do you plan to do in the year tocome
The building to be built was designedby Mr Wang. =The building which will be built was designed by MrWang. （相當一個定語從句）
3、不定式經(jīng)常用作一些名詞的后置定語，常見的這類名詞有way,chance, opportunity, courage,time, week, wish, need, promise, plan, right.如：
You have no right tospeak
If I have the chance to go abroadI’ll never let it go.
4、一般來講，謂語動詞能接不定式當賓語，當這類動詞轉化為名詞時，也接不定式當后置定語。如：
You promised to write usregularly.（不定式當賓語）
You haven’t kept your promise towrite us regularly.（不定式當后置定語）
He planned to start acompany （不定式當賓語）
He told me his plan to start acompany. （不定式當后置定語）
5、分詞作定語。單個分詞一般作前置定語，而分詞短語作后置定語，此時可以轉化相應的定語從句。
①The old man has a walkingstick（動名詞當定語表示用途）
②Can yon see the falling leaves inthe sky. （現(xiàn)在分詞當定語表示動作進行）
③Deer don’t like eating fallenleaves （過去分詞當定語表示動作完成）
④The man running on the playground isour English teacher.（現(xiàn)在分詞當后置定語，與被修飾詞存在主動關系）
=The man who is running on theplaygroundis our English teacher.
⑤Do you know the girl dancing in thecenter?
⑥The food cooked by my mother wasdelicious.（過去分詞當后置語與被修飾詞存在動作的完成與被動關系）
=The food which was cooked by mymother was delicious.
⑦The building built was designed byMr Warg.
=The building which was built wasdesigned by Mr Wang.
⑧⑨There were over 300 people trappedabove the fire.
⑨The building being built wasdesigned by Mr Wang.（過去分詞的進行式作后置定語表示與被修飾詞存在動作的被動且正在進行）
=The building which is being builtwas designed by Mr Wang.
三、從句作定語都是后置.一個句子修飾某個名詞或代詞，我們稱之為定語從句，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，非限制性定語從句常用逗號隔開，表示補充說明。
In the north where it is cold, theygrow wheat.
I will never forget the day, on whichI joined the Party.
I know the only route that leads tothe top of the mountain.
I found some photos of interestingplaces which were not too far away from Cheng du.
The sun, which had hidden all day,now came out in all its splendor.
通過以上我們對后置定語的系統(tǒng)理解和認識，尤其是不定式，分詞以及從句當后置定語的領會，應多分析，多朗讀這類句子，有利于我們對長句和難句的理解，從而提高我們的閱讀能力。
