現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)講解

一．基本結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞have/has+過(guò)去分詞(done)

二．　句型：

否定句：主語(yǔ)+have/has+not+過(guò)去分詞+其他.

一般疑問(wèn)句：Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他.

簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ): Yes,主語(yǔ) +have/has.(肯定)
　　　　　　　No, 主語(yǔ)+haven't/hasn't.(否定)

三．用法

（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果

　　I have spent allof my money (sofar).(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢花了.)

　　 Guo zijun has(just/already) come.(含義：郭子君現(xiàn)在在這兒)

My father has gone towork.(含義是:我爸爸現(xiàn)在不在這兒)（2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作（用行為動(dòng)詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動(dòng)詞表示）常與for（+時(shí)間段）,since（+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子）連用.

　　①for+時(shí)段

　　②since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從……以來(lái)）

　　③since+時(shí)段+ago

　　④since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）

　　●⑤Itis+時(shí)段+since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）

　　Mary has been ill forthree days.

　　I have lived heresince 1998.

　四．　hasgone (to),has been (to), has been (in)的區(qū)別

　　 Have/Has gone(to):去了(現(xiàn)在不在說(shuō)話現(xiàn)場(chǎng))

Where is yourfather？He has gone toShanghai.

Have/Has been (to):去過(guò)（已不在去過(guò)的地方）

My father has been toShanghai.

Have/has beenin：呆了多久（還在所呆的地方）

My father has been in Shanghaifor two months. /sincetwo months ago.

五．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志　　
　1.　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義之一是過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,用以下四大標(biāo)志詞可以表達(dá)這種含義:

　* 以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志
　　He has already got her help.　他已得到她的幫助。
He has just seen the film.　他剛剛看過(guò)這場(chǎng)電影。
He hasn't come back yet.　他還沒(méi)有回來(lái)。

　　* 以ever和never為標(biāo)志　
This is the best film I have everseen.　這是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最好的一部電影。
He has never been to Beijing.　他從沒(méi)有到過(guò)北京。

　　* 以動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標(biāo)志
　　He says he has been to the USA three times.他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)去過(guò)美國(guó)三次了。

　　* 以sofar（到目前為止）為標(biāo)+before
　He has got to Beijing so far.　到目前為止他已到了北京。

She has passed the exam sofar.　到目前為止她已經(jīng)通過(guò)了考試。

2.過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,我們可以從動(dòng)作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時(shí)間”點(diǎn)段的區(qū)分入手,進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

　*　①for+時(shí)段②since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（過(guò)去從句）為標(biāo)志

注意：1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如yesterday, last week, three yearsago 等;2)不能與when連用2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用

　六．過(guò)去分詞

　　 　1、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則：

　　(1)、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。

　　work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited

　　(2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。

　　live---lived---lived ,

　　(3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ，再加“ ed ”。

　　study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried

　　(4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。

　　stop---stopped---stopped ,drop---dropped--dropped

　　2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：

　　AAA型

　　原型 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞

burst burst burst

hurt hurt hurt

let let let

　　cast cast cast

　　cost cost cost

　　cut cut cut

　　hit hit hit

　　put put put

　　set set set

　　shut shut shut

　　spread spread spread

read read readread原形發(fā)音為/ri:d/,過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞發(fā)音為/red/

　　AAB型

beat beat beaten

ABA型

become became become

　　run ran run

　　come came come

　　特殊情況

　　ABB型

　　bring brought brought

　　buy bought bought

　　build built built

　　burn burnt burnt

　　catch caught caught

　　dig dug dug

　　feel felt felt

　　fight fought fought

　　find found found

　　hear heard heard

　　hold held held

　　keep kept kept

　　lay laid laid

　　lead led led

　　lose lost lost

　　make made made

　　meet met met

　　sell sold sold

　　shoot shot shot

　　sit sat sat

　　stand stood stood

　　sweep swept swept

　　teach taught taught

　　tell told told

　　think thought thought

　　win won won

　　ABC型

　　begin began begun

　　blow blew blown

　　break broke broken

　　choose chose chosen

　　draw drew drawn

　　drive drove driven

　　drink drank drunk

　　fly flew flown

　　forgive forgave forgiven

　　forget forgot forgotten

　　freeze froze frozen

　　give gave given

　　grow grew grown

　　know knew known

　　ride rode ridden

　　rise rose risen

　　ring rang rung

　　shake shook shaken

　　sing sang sung

　　sink sank sunk

　　swim swam swum

　　throw threw thrown

　　write wrote written

七． 瞬間動(dòng)詞（buy, die, join,come，go ,leave, join……）不能直接與for since連用。要改變動(dòng)詞

buy----have borrow-----keep

come/arrive/reach/get to-----bein

go out----be out leave----be away

begin-----beonfinish----be over

　　open----beopen close -----beclosed

die----be dead

★1.have代替buy

　　My brother hashad(不能用has bought) this bike foralmost four years.

★2、用keep或have代替borrow

　　I havekept(不能用have borrowed) the bookfor quite a few days.

★3、用be替代become

How long has your sister been ateacher?

★4、用havea cold代替catch a cold

　　Tom has had a cold sincethe day before yesterday.

　　★5、用wear代替puton

　　b)用“be＋形容詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞

　　1、be＋married代marry2、be＋ill代fall(get) ill

　　3、be＋dead代die4、be＋asleep代fall(get) asleep

　　5、be＋awake代wake/wakeup6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave

　　7、be＋open代open8、beclosed代close/shut

　　9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose

　　c)用“be＋副詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞

　　1“be＋on”代start,begin

　　2“be＋up”代getup

　　3“be＋back(to)”代returnto, come back to, go back to

　　4“be here(there)”代come(arrive, reach, get)here或go (arrive, reach, get)there等等

　　d)用“be＋介詞短語(yǔ)”代終止性動(dòng)詞

　　1.“be in/at+地點(diǎn)”代替goto /come to

　　2.用bein the army 代替join thearmy

　　3.“be in/at+地點(diǎn)”代替moveto

　　常用瞬間動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表：

　　1. have arrived at/insw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.

　　→have been insw./at…相應(yīng)的介詞

　　2. have come/goneback/returned → have been back

　　3. have come/gone out→have been out

　　4. have become → havebeen

　　5. have closed / opened→have been close/open

　　6. have got up → havebeen up；

　　7. have died → have beendead；

　　8. have left sw. → havebeen away from sw.

　　9. have fallenasleep/got to sleep → have beenasleep；

　　10. havefinished/ended/completed → have beenover；

　　11. have married → havebeen married；

　　12. have started/begunto do sth. → have done sth. ；

　　13. have begun → havebeen on

　　14. have borrowed/bought→have kept/had

　　15. have lost → haven’thad

　　16. have put on →haveworn

　　17. have caught /get acold → have had a cold；

　　18. have got to know →have known

　　19. have/has gone to →have been in

　　20. have joined/havetaken part in the league/the Party/the army

→have been a member of/ have been in/havebeen the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)(一)

A)選用have, has填空:

1.I _______ told him the news.

2.She ________ come back from school.

3.You ________ won the game.

B)按要求改寫下列各句:

4.They have bought acomputer.(改成否定句)
_________________________________________

5.He has lost his book.
(先改成一般疑問(wèn)句,再作肯定與否定回答)
_________________________________________

C) 單項(xiàng)選擇

6. -Where have you _____, Kate?
　-I've ______ to the bank.
A. gone, gone　B. been, been　C. gone, been　D. been,gone

7. Her grandfather ______ for two years.
A. died　B. has died　C. has been dead　D. has beendied

8. It's six weeks ______ I met you last.
A. when　B. since　C. before　D. for

9. Tom and Jack have arrived at West Hill Farmalready.

A. have got　B. have gone to　C. havebeen to　D. have reached

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)（二）

一、 單項(xiàng)選擇。
1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe they _________what's happened to him.（呼和浩特）
　　Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
　?。? already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
　 3、Have youmet Mr Li ______？
　?。? just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years.
　?。? is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .

—Yes . I hope it will be even ______.
　?。? has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good
　?。? has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
　 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years.
　?。? was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study
　?。? has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
　 7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
　?。? know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice.
　?。? will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .
　　 —Really ? When _____ there ?
　?。? will they go Ｂ. did they go
　?。? do they go Ｄ. have they gone
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
　　 —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
　?。? Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
　?。? Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
　11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
　?。? joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
　 12、—Do you know him well ?
　　— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
　?。? were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
　 13、—How long have you ____ here?
　　—About two months .
　?。? been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
　 14、Hurry up! The play __________ for tenminutes .
　?。? has begun Ｂ. had begun
　　Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began
15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .
　　Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library.
　?。?has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
　 17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
　　Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
　?。? have gone to Ｄ. have been
18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they
19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he toChina?
A. How soon, comes B. How often, got
C. How long, came D. How far, arrived
20、 His uncle____for more than 9years.
A. has come here B. has started to work
C. has lived there D. has left the university
二、 句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
1、He has never surfed, ?（改成反意疑問(wèn)句）
2、They have been here since 2000. (對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))
____　＿＿＿＿　they been here?
3、The old man _________ lastyear. He＿＿＿＿

for ayear. (die) （動(dòng)詞填空）
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)
This factory ________ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)
Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同義句）
　 Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.
8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago.(把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子)
___________________________________________

三、 漢譯英。
1、 吉姆已做完作業(yè)，他現(xiàn)在有空了。

2、 他昨天收到一封信。

3、 我父親以前到過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。

4、 她還沒(méi)有看過(guò)那部新電影。

5、 她去過(guò)上海。

6、 他這些天上哪兒去了？

參考答案：
一、單項(xiàng)選擇。
1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響，或過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，重點(diǎn)在于對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。這種考查難度較大，往往無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，需要從上下文分析、推理才行。故上兩側(cè)根據(jù)上下文分析、推理，正確答案是Ｂ。
2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與already（已經(jīng)），just（剛剛，正好），ever（曾經(jīng)），never（從來(lái)，也不；從不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等連用。故2應(yīng)選B。
3、C
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與recently（近來(lái)），sofar（到目前為止），in the past/“l(fā)ast+一段時(shí)間”等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。因?yàn)樯鲜龆陶Z(yǔ)表示的是從現(xiàn)在起往前推算的一段時(shí)間，句中的動(dòng)作是從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或時(shí)刻開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的。故4應(yīng)選D。
5、C
6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)常與“for+時(shí)間段或since+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)”連用（含從句，從句過(guò)去時(shí)）。故6應(yīng)選C。
7、C
8、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還與once（一次），twice（兩次），threetimes（三次），severaltimes（幾次）等表示重復(fù)次數(shù)的詞語(yǔ)連用。故8應(yīng)選B。
9、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)容易混淆，就是因?yàn)樗鼈兯硎镜膭?dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但二者又有區(qū)別：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于陳述一件過(guò)去的事情，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系的發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，它不與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（如yesterday, last week , a momentago等）連用。故9的正確答案為B。
10、B
11、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與for和since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，通常是用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)代替。故11的正確答案依次為：D。
12、B13、A14、C15、A。
16、“have/has gone to+地點(diǎn)”表示“某人去了某地（還未回來(lái)）”，指主語(yǔ)所指的人不在這兒。“have/hasbeen in +地點(diǎn)”表示“在某地呆了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”，常與表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。“have/hasbeen to+地點(diǎn)”表示“曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地（但現(xiàn)在已不在那兒）。”故16的正確答案為A。
17、A18、D19、C20、C
二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
1、has he?2、How long3、died, has been dead
4、has been open5、has been away6、joined；ago
7、It is, since8、The bus has been here for tenminutes.
三、漢譯英。
1、Jim has finished doinghis homework already. He is free now.
2、He received a letteryesterday.
3、My father has been to the GreatWall before.
4、She hasn't seen the new filmyet.
5、She has been to Shanghai.
6、Where has he been thesedays？

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