愛華網(wǎng)冷戰(zhàn)的序幕—丘吉爾鐵幕演說
"鐵幕"降臨
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)後,美國經(jīng)濟,軍事實力急劇膨脹,成為世界頭號資本主義強國.與此同時,蘇聯(lián)力量也逐漸強大,國際地位大大提高,東歐一些國家在蘇聯(lián)的影響下走上了社會主義道路.隨著社會主義力量的不斷發(fā)展,資本主義和主義注意之間的矛盾日益加深,西方國家提出了用除直接武裝進攻意外的一切手段和梯隊行動來戒指共產(chǎn)主義,一場沒有硝煙的"冷戰(zhàn)"(ColdWar)在以美國為首的資本主義國家和以蘇聯(lián)為首的社會主義國家之間展開.
英國前首相丘吉爾在美國富爾頓發(fā)表的反蘇、反共演說。又稱鐵幕演說。1946年1月，丘吉爾應邀訪美。3月5日，他在美國總統(tǒng)杜魯門陪同下抵達密蘇里州富爾頓，在杜魯門的母校威斯敏斯特學院發(fā)表了題為“和平砥柱”的演說。丘吉爾在演說中公開攻擊蘇聯(lián)“擴張”，宣稱“從波羅的海的什切青到亞得里亞海邊的里雅斯特，一幅橫貫歐洲大陸的鐵幕已經(jīng)降落下來”，蘇聯(lián)對“鐵幕”以東的中歐、東歐國家進行日益增強的高壓控制。對蘇聯(lián)的擴張，不能采取“綏靖政策”。美國正高踞于世界權力的頂峰，應擔負起未來的責任。主張英、美結成同盟，英語民族聯(lián)合起來，制止蘇聯(lián)的“侵略”。富爾頓演說后不到10天，斯大林發(fā)表談話，嚴厲譴責丘吉爾和他的朋友非常象希特勒及其同伴。演說是杜魯門借他人之口發(fā)表的“冷戰(zhàn)”宣言，是美國發(fā)動“冷戰(zhàn)”的前奏曲
丘吉爾富爾頓演說（1946年3月5日）
“美國此刻正高踞于世界權力的頂峰。對美國民主來說，這是一個莊嚴的時刻。擁有最大的力量，也就是對未來負有令人敬畏的責任。放眼四顧，你不但覺得已經(jīng)盡了應盡的責任，也感到憂慮，恐怕以后的成就未必能達到這樣高的水平。對你我兩國來說，現(xiàn)在都有一個機會在這里，一個明確的、光彩奪目的機會。如果拒絕、忽視、或糟蹋這個機會，我們將受到后世長期的責備。……
“當美國的軍事人員在立場嚴重的局勢時，他們習慣于在他們的指令的頭上寫上‘全面戰(zhàn)略概念’字樣。這種做法是明智的，因為它能使思想明朗化。那么，什么是我們?yōu)榻裉焖鶓}寫的全面戰(zhàn)略概念呢？它不應該低于在一切地方的所有男女的所有家庭的安全和幸福以及自由和進步?！?br />“為了使這些無數(shù)的家庭得到安全，必須保護他們，使他們不受兩個可怕的掠奪者——戰(zhàn)爭和暴政——的侵犯?！?br />
“……為了防止戰(zhàn)爭這一主要目的，已經(jīng)建立了一個世界組織?！覀儽仨毷惯@一切得到肯定：它的工作是有成果的，它是一種現(xiàn)實而不是一種假象，它是一種行動力量而不僅只是語言的空談，它是一種真正的和平之宮而不僅只是紛紛擾擾爭吵的場所……
“然而，我有一個明確而實際的行動建議要提出來。宮廷和地方行政長官沒有縣吏和皂吏就不能辦事。因此，必須馬上著手給聯(lián)合國配備一支國際武裝力量。在這個問題上，只能一步一步來，但我們必須從現(xiàn)在開始著手做。我建議，應邀請每一個大國和其它成員國派出一定數(shù)量的空軍中隊，為這個世界性組織服役。這些中隊將由本國訓練和籌備，但在各國輪流駐扎。他們身著本國的軍服，佩戴不同的徽章。不能要求他們對自己的國家作戰(zhàn)，但在其它方面將受這世界性組織的指揮。這個辦法可以小規(guī)模地實行起來，讓它隨著我們信心的增長而擴大。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后我曾希望做到這一步，相信現(xiàn)在會立即辦到。
“不過，如果把美國、英國和加拿大現(xiàn)在所共同掌握的制造原子彈的秘密知識和經(jīng)驗托付給這個仍處于嬰兒時代的世界性組織，馬氏錯誤的和輕率的。如果任憑這種秘密知識在這依然騷動和不團結的世界上自然發(fā)展，那是罪惡的發(fā)狂。……
“現(xiàn)在我講到威脅著茅舍家庭和普通老百姓的第二個危險，即暴政。我們不能無視一個事實，就是美國和大英帝國的個別公民到處都能享受的自由，在相當多的國家里是不存在的，其中一些是十分強大的國家。在這些國家里，各種包羅萬象的警察政府對老百姓強加控制，達到了壓倒和違背一切民主原則的程度。或是一些獨裁者，或是組織嚴密的寡頭集團，他們通過一個享有特權的黨和一支政治警察隊伍，毫無節(jié)制地行使著國家的大權。在這多難的歲月，我們的責任不是同武力去干預那些我們不曾征服的國家的內(nèi)部事務。但是，我們絕不能放棄以大無畏的聲調(diào)宣揚自由的偉大原則和基本人權。這些英語世界的共同遺產(chǎn)，繼大憲章、人權法案、人身保護法、陪審團審訊制、以及英國習慣法之后，它們又在美國獨立宣言中得到舉世聞名的表現(xiàn)。
“到此為止，我們顯然是完全一致的?，F(xiàn)在，當仍然奉行這個實現(xiàn)我們?nèi)鎽?zhàn)略概念的方法的時候，我要講一講此行要談的關鍵問題。沒有我所稱之為各英語民族同胞手足一樣的聯(lián)合，有效地防止戰(zhàn)爭和繼續(xù)發(fā)展世界組織都是辦不到的。這種聯(lián)合就是以英聯(lián)邦與帝國為一方和以美利堅合眾國為另一方建立特殊的關系?，F(xiàn)在不是泛泛空談的時候，我要明確地談談。
“兄弟般的聯(lián)合不僅要求我們兩個龐大的、有血緣關系的社會制度之間存在著日益增長的友誼和相互諒解，而且要求雙方軍事顧問繼續(xù)保持密切的聯(lián)系，以便共同研究潛在的危險。武器的異同，訓練的教材，以及在軍事院?；Q軍官和學員的問題。它還應包括聯(lián)合使用兩國在世界各地掌握的所有?？栈?，使現(xiàn)有的設施繼續(xù)用于共同安全的目的。……
“不久剛被盟國的勝利所照亮的大地，已經(jīng)罩上了陰影。沒有人知道，蘇俄和它的共產(chǎn)主義國際組織打算在最近的將來干些什么，以及它們擴張和傳教傾向的止境在哪里，如果還有止境的話。對于英勇的俄羅斯人民和我的戰(zhàn)時伙伴斯大林元帥，我十分欽佩和尊敬。在英國——我毫不懷疑，在這里也是一樣——人們對俄國各族人民懷有同情和善意，決心經(jīng)受種種分歧和挫折，建立起持久的友誼。
“我們理解，俄國需要它西部邊界的安全，以免再次遭受德國的侵略。我們歡迎它占有它在世界大國中有權占有的地位。我們特別歡迎的是，在俄國人民和大西洋兩岸的我方人民之間保持經(jīng)常不斷的、頻繁的和日益增多的接觸。但是，我有責任把有關當前歐洲形勢的某些事實擺在你們面前。
“從波羅的海的斯德丁〔什切青〕到亞得里亞海邊的的里雅斯特，一幅橫貫歐洲大陸的鐵幕已經(jīng)降落下來。在這條線的后面，坐落著中歐和東歐古國的都城。華沙、柏林、布拉格、維也納、布達佩斯、貝爾格萊德、布加勒斯特和索菲亞——所有這些名城及其居民無一不處在蘇聯(lián)的勢力范圍之內(nèi)，不僅以這種或那種形式屈服于蘇聯(lián)的勢力影響，而且還受到莫斯科日益增強的高壓控制。只有雅典，放射著它不朽的光輝，在英、美、法三國現(xiàn)場觀察下，自由地決定它的前途。
“受俄國支配的波蘭政府被慫恿對德國領土實行大片的、不義的侵占，正在以可悲的、夢想不到的規(guī)模把數(shù)以百萬計的德國人成群地驅(qū)逐出境。在所有這些東歐國家原來都很弱小的共產(chǎn)黨，已經(jīng)上升到同它們黨員人數(shù)遠不相稱的主導的、掌權的地位，到處爭取極權主義的控制。幾乎在每一處，都是警察政府占了上風。到目前為之，除了捷克斯洛伐克，根本沒有真正的民主。
“土耳其和波斯〔伊朗〕都為莫斯科政府向它們提出的要求和對它們施加的壓力而感到驚惶萬分。駐在柏林的俄國人正試圖通過對各左翼領導集團的袒護，在他們的德國占領區(qū)建立一個準共產(chǎn)黨。去年6月戰(zhàn)斗結束時，美國和英國軍隊按照先前的協(xié)議，從一條將近四百英里寬的戰(zhàn)線上西撤，在某些地方深達一百五十英里。這樣就讓俄國人占領了西方民主國家所攻打下來的遼闊的土地。
“現(xiàn)在，如果蘇聯(lián)政府試圖單獨行動，在他們的地區(qū)建立一個親共的德國，就將給英美兩國占領區(qū)制造嚴重的困難，授予了戰(zhàn)敗的德國人以在蘇聯(lián)和西方民主國家之間拍賣抬價的權力。這些都是事實。不論我們從中得到什么結論，這肯定不是我們進行武裝斗爭所要建立的解放的歐洲，也不是一個具有永久和平必要條件的歐洲。
“在橫跨歐洲的鐵幕前面，還有其它令人焦慮的因素。意大利共產(chǎn)黨由于不得不支持共產(chǎn)黨訓練的鐵托元帥對亞得里亞海頂端的前意大利領土的要求，受到嚴重的牽制。盡管如此，意大利還是前途未卜。再一點，歐洲的復興，如無一個強大的法國，這是不可思議的。在我的全部公職生活中，我總是為使法國強大而工作著。甚至在最黑暗的日子里，我也不曾對它的命運喪失信心?，F(xiàn)在也不會喪失信心。
“不過，在遠離俄國邊界、遍布世界各地的許多國家里，共產(chǎn)黨第五縱隊已經(jīng)建立。它絕對服從來自共產(chǎn)主義中心的指令，完全協(xié)調(diào)地工作著。除了在英聯(lián)邦和美國——那里的共產(chǎn)主義運動還在嬰兒時代——共產(chǎn)黨，即第五縱隊到處構成對基督教文明的日益嚴重的挑釁和危險。這是任何人在取得勝利的次日都應該記誦的一些黯淡的事實。這一勝利是通過在戰(zhàn)斗中以及在自由和民主的事業(yè)中結成情誼深厚的戰(zhàn)友關系取得的。如果我們不趁還來得及的時候正視這些事實，那就太不明智了。
“……我不相信蘇俄希望戰(zhàn)爭。他們所希望的是得到戰(zhàn)爭的果實，以及他們的權力和主義的無限擴張。因此，趁今天還為時未晚，我們在這里要考慮的是永久制止戰(zhàn)爭和盡速在一切國家為自由和民主創(chuàng)造條件的問題。
“對于困難和危險視而不見，不能解決問題；袖手旁觀，也不解決問題；采取綏靖政策，也無濟于事?，F(xiàn)在需要的是作出解決問題的安排。拖得越久，就越困難，對我們的危險也就越大。大戰(zhàn)期間，我對我們俄國朋友和盟友的觀察所得的印象使我堅信，他們所欽佩的莫過于實力，而他們最瞧不起的是軍事上的虛弱。由于這個緣故，勢力均衡的舊理論不適用了。如果可以避免的話，我們再也經(jīng)不起在只留有狹小余地的情況下進行工作，從而提供了進行較量的誘惑。假使西方民主國家團結一致，嚴守聯(lián)合國憲章的原則，那么，它們推行這些原則的影響力將是巨大的，沒有人會來冒犯它們。不過，假使它們四分五裂，在自己執(zhí)行職責時手軟，假使讓這緊要關頭的幾年白白混過去，那么，我們大家確實都要在浩劫中被毀滅了。
“上一次，我曾目睹大戰(zhàn)來臨，對自己本國同胞和全世界大聲疾呼，但是人們都聽不進。近至1933年，甚至1935年，或許還能把德國從后來落到它頭上的可怕命運中拯救出來，使我們大家都免遭希特勒強加于人類的苦難。
“在全部歷史中，沒有一次戰(zhàn)爭比前不久使地球上這么多廣大地區(qū)淪為廢墟的這次大戰(zhàn)，更容易同及時的行動加以制止。它本來可以不發(fā)一槍就被制止住，而德國本來可以至今是一個強大、繁榮、受尊敬的國家。但是，誰也聽不進。于是所有我們這些國家，一個接一個都被卷入可怕的漩渦中了。
“我們肯定地必須不讓那種事重演。這只有這樣做才能達到：在現(xiàn)時，即一九四六年，在聯(lián)合國普遍權威之下，就所有問題同俄國達成良好的諒解；并且通過這個世界性組織，在講英語的世界及其一切聯(lián)系地區(qū)的全力支持下，使上述良好的諒解在許多和平的年份中維持下去。
“請不要把不列顛帝國和聯(lián)邦的堅持的能力加以低估。……如果在美國的人口之外，再加上英語聯(lián)邦的人口，再加上這種合作關系所涉及的在空中、海上、科學和工業(yè)各方面的合作，那就不會出現(xiàn)不穩(wěn)定的、靠不住的力量均衡，致使野心家和冒險家情不自禁?！热粲械懒x上、物質(zhì)上的力量和信念，都同你們的力量和信念兄弟般的聯(lián)合在一起，那么，就將不僅為我們、為我們的時代，而且也將為所有的人，為未來的世紀，帶來一個廣闊的前程，這是明確無疑的。”
原文
Churchill Fulton speech (March 5,1946)
"The United States is the highest in theworld at the moment the pinnacle of power. Democracy to the UnitedStates, this is a solemn moment. With the largest force, which isto have the awesome responsibility of the future. Sigu look, younot only feel that has made Obligations, also are worried, I amafraid that after the success may not be able to achieve such ahigh level. I am to you the two countries, now have an opportunityhere, a clear, dazzling opportunities. If rejected, neglected , Orwaste this opportunity, we will be blamed for the long-term futuregenerations.……
"When the United States military personnelin the position of a serious situation, they used to in theircommand of the head to write on 'comprehensive strategic conceptof' words. This is wise, because it can become clear thinking. So,what Today we are to be inscribed for a comprehensive strategy isthe concept of «It should not be lower than in all places all themen and women of all households in the safety and well-being andfreedom and progress.……
"To the families of these numeroussecurity, we must protect them so that they are not two terriblepredators - war and tyranny - a violation.……
"…… To prevent the main purpose of thiswar, have established a world organization.…… We must be sure thatall this: it is the outcome of the work, it is a reality and not anillusion, it is a Kind of action forces is not only the emptylanguage, it is a real peace of the Palace and have Raorao quarrelis not only a venue……
"However, I have a clear and practicalrecommendations for action to put them forward. Palace and theChief Executive has not Xianli local soap and officials can notact. Therefore, we must immediately proceed to the United Nationswith an international armed forces. On this issue, Can only step bystep, but we must from now begun to do so. I propose, should beinvited to a big country and every other member states sent acertain number of Air Force squadrons, for the worldwide serviceorganization. Squadron of these will be their training andpreparation, but States stationed in the rotation. They dressed intheir uniform, wearing different insignia. Can not ask them fortheir own national operations, but in other areas will be subjectto this world body's command. This approach can be carried outsmall-scale, it As our confidence in the growth and expansion.After World War I, I do hope that this step, I believe that nowwould immediately do so.
"However, if the United States, Britainand Canada are now jointly control the manufacture of atomic bombsecrets entrusted to knowledge and experience in this era is stillin its infancy worl dwide, Markov wrong and reckless. If despitethis knowledge in secret This is still unrest and lack of unity ofthe world's natural development, it is evil mad.……
"Now I mentioned a threat to families andordinary people Maoshe The second danger, that is tyranny. We cannot ignore the fact that the United States and the British Empireof individual citizens everywhere will enjoy the freedom, in aconsiderable number of countries is not Exist, some of which is avery powerful country. In these countries, various all-inclusivegovernment of the people of the police to impose control, tooverwhelm all the principles of democracy and contrary to theextent or some dictator, or well-organized oligarchic Group,through a privileged party and a political police force,unrestrained exercise of the country's power in this more difficultyears, our responsibility is not to interfere with the use of forcewhere we have not conquered the country's internal affairs However,we must not give up the courage to promote freedom of tone in thegreat principles and fundamental human rights. Those of the commonheritage of the English-speaking world, following the Magna Carta,the Bill of Rights, habeas corpus, jury trial system, and theBritish common law, they Also in the U.S. Declaration ofIndependence in the performance by the world-famous.
"Stop here, it is clear that we arecompletely identical. Now, when we are still pursuing acomprehensive strategy to achieve this concept of the way, I wouldlike to talk about this trip to discuss the key issues. I have notcalled the English national Hand, Foot and compatriots in the samejoint and effective prevention of war and the continued developmentof world organizations are impossible. This is a joint Commonwealthand Empire on the one hand and the United States of America on theother to establish a special relationship now is not empty talk ofa general Time, I would like to clearly talk about.
"Fraternal joint requires not only our twohuge, the blood ties between the social system there is a growingfriendship and mutual understanding, but also for the two militaryadvisers continue to maintain close contact in order to jointlystudy the potential dangers. Weapons The similarities anddifferences, training materials, and military academies in theexchange of military officers and students of the problem. Itshould also include joint use of the two countries in various partsof the world master of all sea and air bases, so that the existingfacilities continue to be used for the purposes of common security.……
"The victory of the allies soon just beenlit up by the earth, has cast a shadow. No one knows, the SovietUnion and its communist international organizations intend toGanxieshenme in the near future, and their tendency to preach andexpansion in the limit Where, if there are endless words. For thevaliant Russian people and I Marshal Stalin's wartime partners, Igreatly admire and respect. In the United Kingdom - I have no doubtthat here is the same - people of the Russian people of all ethnicgroups Have sympathy and goodwill, determined to withstand allkinds of differences and setbacks, and establish a lastingfriendship.
"We understand that Russia needs thesecurity of its western border to avoid recurrence of Germany'saggression and we welcome it occupies in the country in the worldhave the right to occupy the position. In particular, we welcomethat, in the Russian people and both sides of the Atlantic IBetween the peoples of the regular continuous, frequent and growingnumber of contacts, but I have the responsibility to Europe on thecurrent situation facing some of the facts before you."From theBaltic Szczecin Side Ding [] to the Adriatic side of Trieste, anIron Curtain across the European continent have landed down in thisline of the rear, is located in Central and Eastern Europe'sancient capital. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest,Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia - all in the city and its residentsare all within the Soviet sphere of influence, not only in one formor another Succumbed to Soviet influence, but also by Moscow'sincreasingly high-pressure control. Only Athens, with its enduringradiation brilliant, in Britain, the United States, the threecountries observed the law, the freedom to determine itsfuture.
"Russia's domination by the Polishgovernment was encouraging the implementation of large tracts ofGerman territory, not just the occupation, is a sad, less than thesize of the dream to millions of German groups to deportation. Inall these Eastern European countries The original very smallCommunist Party, has risen to the same far from proportionate totheir membership of the dominant, the status of power everywherefor totalitarian control. Almost everywhere, are the police got theupper hand. To present it Apart from Czechoslovakia, there is notrue democracy."Turkey and Persia [Iran] are for the Moscowgovernment to put forward their demands and the pressure exerted onthem and feel great panic. Based in Berlin, the Russians are tryingto by the left-wing leadership of the shielding in their occupiedterritories of Germany The establishment of a prospective CommunistParty. Last year in June at the end of the fighting, the U.S. andBritish forces in accordance with previous agreements, nearly 400miles from a wide front, dismantling the West, in some places up to150 miles deep. So let Russia Chinese occupation of the Westerndemocratic countries to attack down the vast land.
"Now, if the Soviet Union the governmentis trying to act alone, in their region to establish apro-Communist Germany, Britain and the United States on theoccupied territories will create serious difficulties, given thedefeat of Germany to the Soviet Union and the Western democraticcountries between auction Shill bidding power. These are the facts.Whether we get what conclusions, it is certainly not our armedstruggle to establish the liberation of Europe, nor is it anecessary condition for lasting peace in Europe.
"In front of the Iron Curtain acrossEurope, there are other worrying factor. Italian Communist Party asthe Communist Party to support the training of Marshal Tito on theAdriatic Sea before the top of the Italian territorial demands, aserious constraint. Despite So, Italy or uncertainty. Again, therejuvenation of Europe, if not a strong France, this isinconceivable. In all my public life, I always make for a strongand work in France, even in the darkest Days, I do not have thefate of its loss of confidence. Now will not lose theirconfidence.
"However, far away from the Russianborder, across many countries around the world, the Communist Partyof fifth column has been established. It absolute obedience fromcommunism and the command center, fully coordinated with the work.Apart from the Commonwealth and the United States -- Where thecommunist movement is still infant era - the Communist Party, thatis, around a fifth column of Christian civilization of theincreasingly serious provocation and dangerous. This is no victoryin the next day should Jisong some of the bleak facts. This Avictory by the fighting and in the cause of freedom and democracyin the form of the profound friendship of comrades-in-armsrelationship. If we do not also time to take the time to addressthese facts, it is ill-advised.
"…… I do not believe that the Soviet Unionwant war. They want to get the fruits of war, and their powers andin the unlimited expansion. Therefore, while today it is not toolate, we are here to consider a permanent halt War and as soon aspossible in all countries to create conditions for freedom anddemocracy issues.
"The difficult and dangerous turn a blindeye will not solve the problem; stand by and do not solve theproblem; taken appeasement policy, but also of no avail. What isneeded now is to make arrangements to solve the problem. The longerthe delay, the more difficult, the more we risk Large. During WorldWar I to our friends and allies in Russia's observation of theimpression that I firmly believe that they are admirable is thestrength, and they look down on most of the military weakness. Forthis reason, the old balance of power theory NA has. Could havebeen avoided if so, we can only have a small can not stand in thecase of room for work, thus providing a trial of strength betweenthe temptation. If the Western democracies solidarity, adherence tothe principles of the United Nations Charter, then Theirimplementation of these principles influence will be enormous, noone will be offensive to them, but if they fall apart, in theimplementation of their duties without mercy, if this criticaljuncture for the mixed over the past few years in vain, then wereally are To be destroyed in the catastrophe.
"The last time, I have seen war come totheir own compatriots and the world outcry, but people are TingbuJin. Almost to 1933 and even 1935, perhaps also to Germany from itlater fell on the head of the terrible Save fate, so that we allcategories from Hitler to impose the suffering.
"In all of history, not a war that notlong ago on the planet than many reduced to ruins of vast areas ofthe war, more easily and timely action be stopped. It could havenot been stopped a shot on the living, while Germany Could havebeen so far is a strong, prosperous, respected country, but no oneTingbu Jin. So all of our countries, one after another have beeninvolved in the midst of the terrible.
"We are sure that things must not repeatitself. This can be achieved only by doing so: in the present, thatis, in 1946, under the authority of the United Nations in general,on all the issues with Russia reached a good understanding and,through this World body, the world speak English Contact region allits full support so that the good understanding in many peace inthe years continue.
"Please do not the British Empire and theFederation's ability to adhere to underestimate.…… If the U.S.population, coupled with the English Federation of the population,coupled with this partnership involved in the air, sea, science andIndustrial cooperation in various aspects, it will not appearunstable, precarious balance of power, and adventurers can not helpbut result careerist.…… If the British all moral and materialstrength and conviction, with all your strength and faith Fraternaljoint together, then not only will we, for our era, but also forall people, for the next century, bringing a broad future, it isundoubtedly clear of. "
