袁新民
如果還沒(méi)有完整看過(guò)這“據(jù)說(shuō)”是【檢驗(yàn)美國(guó)高中生水平的100個(gè)單詞】的朋友,先檢驗(yàn)一下自己認(rèn)識(shí)多少個(gè),可先點(diǎn)擊鏈接:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4e8d2f290102e5m2.html。
希望在看過(guò)解析版后,最少能認(rèn)識(shí)第一個(gè)詞。
把kowtow作為第一個(gè)詞,也是給大家增加信心的。
盡管只有100個(gè)詞,但仍然可以找到最少15組同源詞,也有含相同構(gòu)詞成分(如后綴-ous,-ate 等)的不少詞。
詞源解詞必然會(huì)涉及音變知識(shí),因前邊博文里已經(jīng)有這方面的內(nèi)容,故涉及音變的主要在“點(diǎn)”。
1. kowtow/ˏkauˈtau;kaʊˋtaʊ/(來(lái)自漢語(yǔ)的koutou)
v . ~ (to sb/sth) toshow sb in authority too much respect and be too willing to obeythem 叩頭;磕頭;卑躬屈膝;唯命是從
We will not kowtow to thegovernment.
Europe/ˈjuərəp USˈjur-/(在來(lái)源上不確定,傳統(tǒng)上一直同Europa“歐羅巴”聯(lián)系在一起:腓尼基王Agenor阿革諾耳的女兒,被宙斯化作白牛劫到克里特,生下三個(gè)兒子。eur=eury寬,op臉,眼,Europa表示寬闊的臉龐、寬額或大眼睛的,作為歐洲大陸,本身的意思為“西”方或“日落”的地方→)
n.歐洲
European/juərəˈpɪən;ˏjʊrəˋpiən/(Europe歐洲,-an…的,屬于)
a.歐洲的,歐洲人的
n.歐洲人
2. euro/juərəu/(來(lái)自Eurocurrency的縮寫和變化,curr跑→移動(dòng)→流動(dòng),-ency名詞后綴;不斷流動(dòng)的東西→currency貨幣;通行,流行)
n. a unit ofmoney that can be used in most countries of the European Union歐元
Prices are given in pounds andeuros.
nanometer其實(shí)是“(矮)小”“米”, meter是“米”,音譯“納米”,nano代表“納”,指的是10-9數(shù)量級(jí)(onebillionth),當(dāng)然是很“小”了,nano中的o是連接字母,故nan代表“小”,而在普通詞匯中,nan代表 little oldwoman,nun與nan比較,僅是元音字母發(fā)生變化。
nun/nʌn;nʌn/(來(lái)自后期拉丁語(yǔ) nonna ‘a(chǎn)n old woman’)
n.修女,尼姑
3. nanotechnology/ˌnænəutekˈnɔlədʒi US-noutekˈnɑː-/(nano代表nanometer,technology技術(shù),即:any technology on thescale of nanometers →)
n.納米技術(shù)
Despite the growing pains, many experts say nanotechnologyis catching on much faster than they had expected.
technology,text還有toilet都是簡(jiǎn)單詞,它們都與一個(gè)詞根tect同源。
text,techn, tect 編織,編造,造
印歐詞根形式為*teks-,techn,tecton均為帶后綴的形式。
architect里的tect其實(shí)是來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)的tekton“木匠,建造者,制造者”,tect造→帶后綴的形式tecton.
4.tectonic/tek'tɑnɪk/(tect造→帶后綴的形式tecton木匠,建造者,制造者,-ic形容詞后綴;屬于和建造者、建筑有關(guān)的→)
a. 1. of or pertainingto building or construction; constructive; architectural建筑(學(xué))的;構(gòu)造的;
2. (geology) connected with the structure of the earth's surface【地質(zhì)學(xué)】地殼構(gòu)造的
...the tectonic plates ofthe Pacific region which are separating from the East PacificRidge.
tauto看起來(lái)是不是有些怪異?其實(shí)它來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ) toauto ,其中的to是中性定冠詞,意思是the,也與the同源。auto是“自己,自身”,tauto就是thesame
dialogue是兩個(gè)人之間的“對(duì)話”,詞根為log,還有apology里的log。lecture等含同源詞根。
印歐詞根*leg-“收集,說(shuō)”對(duì)應(yīng)lex“說(shuō)”。
希臘語(yǔ)λογος(logos )表示:
1.話,話語(yǔ);
2.談話,對(duì)話;
3.字,詞;
4.話題,主題;
5.原理,原則,準(zhǔn)則,規(guī)律。
-logy表示:
1. …學(xué),…論;2.說(shuō)話,語(yǔ)詞
所以不要僅限于知道-ology 是“…學(xué)”,要知道 -o- + -logy =-ology,而-logy與詞根lect等緊密聯(lián)系著。
也要明白為什么把nanotechnology,tautology, lexicon 要放在一起?
5. tautology/tɔːˈtɔlədʒɪ;tɔˋtɑlədʒɪ/(tauto相同的,-logy說(shuō)話,語(yǔ)詞)
n. a statement in which you say the samething twice in different words, when this is unnecessary, forexample 'They spoke in turn, one after the other.'同義反復(fù);贅述
'The money should be adequate enough' is an exampleof tautology.
6. lexicon/ ˈleksɪkən; US -kɔn;ˋlɛksɪkɑn/(lex(is) 說(shuō)話,措辭,詞語(yǔ),-ic形容詞后綴,對(duì)應(yīng)希臘語(yǔ)的-ikos,lexicon來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)lexikos的中性,即最后的-on屬于語(yǔ)法變化帶來(lái)的;屬于詞語(yǔ)的→)
n. 1. technical all thewords and phrases used in a language or that a particular personknows (某語(yǔ)言或?qū)W科、某人或群體使用的)全部詞匯
2. a list of words on a particular subject or ina language in alphabetical order(某學(xué)科或語(yǔ)言的)詞匯表
3. a dictionary, especially one of an ancientlanguage, such as Greek or Hebrew(尤指希臘語(yǔ)或希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)等古代語(yǔ)言的)詞典,字典
Chocolate equals sin in most people'slexicon.
acute little baby里的cute來(lái)自acute,包括acid在內(nèi),都含有詞根:
ac尖
印歐詞根形式為*ak-。
7.acumen/ˈækjumen/(ac尖→帶后綴的形式acu削尖,變鋒利,敏銳,-men名詞后綴;理解、判斷等尖銳、敏銳→)
n. [U] the ability to understand and judge thingsquickly and clearly 敏銳; 精明;聰明
The firm'ssuccess is largely due to Brannon's commercialacumen.
化學(xué)符號(hào)O大家都知道吧?很多酸中都含有“氧”,AntonieLaurentLavoisier當(dāng)初認(rèn)為氧存在于所有酸中,oxygen的字面意思是“產(chǎn)生(gen)酸(oxy)的物質(zhì)”,酸acid的詞根ac與氧oxygen里的oxy為同源詞根
oxide/ˈɔksaɪd; ˋɑksaɪd/(來(lái)自法語(yǔ)oxygene=oxygen+ acide=acid,氧和另一種元素或基團(tuán)的化合物→)n. 氧化物
8. oxidize/ˈɔksɪdaɪz/(oxide=oxide,-izetreat or combine with使與…結(jié)合)
vt. (technical) to combine or to make sth combinewith OXYGEN, especially when this causes metal to become coveredwith RUST(使)氧化;(使)生銹(因氧化而形成)
Aluminium is rapidly oxidized inair.
Theoriginal white lead pigments have oxidized andturned black.
university里有vers。
advertise即“做廣告”就是要使注意力“轉(zhuǎn)向”某事。
Converse(匡威)這個(gè)品牌取自于創(chuàng)辦人Marquis M.Converse先生的姓氏,
Converse即康弗斯,含義是“皈依者(convert)”,就是完全(con-)虔誠(chéng)地“轉(zhuǎn)”(vers)向某一宗教組織,詞根vers和vert 都是“轉(zhuǎn)”。
9. incontrovertible/ˏɪŋkɔntrəˈvɜːtəbl/(in-不,contro-=contra-反對(duì),vert轉(zhuǎn),controvert轉(zhuǎn)向相反→持有相反的觀點(diǎn)→反駁,就…展開爭(zhēng)論;-ible可…的;不可反駁的→)
a. definitely true and impossible to beproved false無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的,不容置疑的,無(wú)可辯駁的
There is nowincontrovertible evidence that thegovernment is violating the agreement.
10.vortex/ˈvɔːteks;ˋvɔrtɛks/(是vertex的變體,即vort=vert轉(zhuǎn),-ex名詞后綴;風(fēng)、水等旋轉(zhuǎn)得很快形成的→)
n.(pl 復(fù)數(shù)作 ~es 或 -tices / -tɪsiːz;-tɪˏsiz/)
1. (technical) a mass of air,water, etc. that spins around very fast and pulls things into itscentre(風(fēng)或水形成的)旋風(fēng),旋渦
2. (literary) a verypowerful feeling, force or situation that you cannot avoid orescape from: (感情或局勢(shì)的)旋渦
I was sucked into avortex of despair.
want除了“要”,還有“缺乏,缺少”的意思,詞根wan就表示“缺”,“缺”失了就有“空”。
wan(t), van,vain, vac 空,缺
印歐詞根形式為*(e)wa-n-“離開,離棄,用完,耗盡”,所以派生詞的意思為“被離棄的,缺乏的,空的”。詞根為vac,wan 等是 wa, va 等帶后綴或擴(kuò)展的形式。
記得有人區(qū)分不了vacation和vocation,其實(shí)二者最大的區(qū)別在詞根,詞根vac是“空,缺”,空出的一段時(shí)間就是vacation。
11. vacuous/ˈvækjuəs/(vac空,u=-uus形容詞后綴,vacu就是拉丁語(yǔ)vacuus空的,-ous有…特性的;頭腦里空的→)
a. (formal) showing no sign ofintelligence or sensitive feelings 無(wú)知的;空洞的; 無(wú)意義的
a vacuousremark/question/expression/smile
Male models are not always sovacuous as they are made out to be.
vanish中的也是van空,當(dāng)然還有vain:
12. evanescent/ˏiːvəˈnesnt; US ˏev-;ˏɛvəˋnɛsnt/(e- out, van空,-esce開始,-ent形容詞后綴;開始變空即消失的→)
a. (literary) disappearing quickly fromsight or memory: (fml 文) 瞬間即逝的;迅速遺忘的
Talk is evanescent, writingleaves footprints.
“完全(con-)”“信任(fid)”別人或自己的才是confident“自信的”和“確信的”,因?yàn)椤靶湃巍辈庞辛?b>fiancé(未婚夫)和fiancée(未婚妻),當(dāng)然還有faith。
Fidius是羅馬信用之神。
fid, fed, faith信任
13. diffident/ˈdɪfɪdənt; ˋdɪfədənt/(dif-=dis-‘a(chǎn)way’ 分離,缺乏,fid信任,-ent形容詞后綴;缺乏對(duì)自己信任的→)
a. ~ (about sth) not having muchconfidence in yourself; not wanting to talk about yourself缺乏自信的;膽怯的;羞怯的
You shouldn't be so diffidentabout your achievements - you've done reallywell!
14.fiduciary/fɪˈdjuː.ʃi.ə.ri/(fid信任→拉丁語(yǔ)fiduci(a)信任、信賴,-ary與…有關(guān)的(人))
a. relating to the responsibility to lookafter someone else's money in a correct way:信托的;信用的;(尤指)受信托的,受信托的
n. Fiduciary is used to talk about thingswhich relate to a trust, or to the people who are in charge of atrust.(尤指財(cái)產(chǎn))受信托人(或公司)
They have a case against their directors for breachof fiduciary duty.

中古英語(yǔ)里,head的拼寫是heved,古英語(yǔ)的拼寫是heafod,古高地德語(yǔ)是houpit, 現(xiàn)代德語(yǔ)是Haupt。
Capital是“首都”,而詞根capit就是“頭”,它與head的同源關(guān)系能看出來(lái)嗎?
15. precipitous/prɪˈsɪpɪtəs;prɪˋsɪpətəs/(pre-前,cipit頭,-ous有…特性的;頭向前即頭向下扔、拋下的、頭朝下摔下去的地方的→)
a. 1. verysteep, high and often dangerous: 險(xiǎn)峻的;陡峭的
2. suddenand great 突然的,驟然的,急劇的
3. done veryquickly, without enough thought or care 草率的,倉(cāng)促的,貿(mào)然的
The stock market'sprecipitous drop frightened foreigninvestors.
a precipitousmarriage.
capitulate/kəˈpɪtʃuleɪt; kəˋpɪtʃəˏlet/(capit頭,-ul=-ule 小,capitul小頭→章,節(jié),題頭或標(biāo)題;-ate使形成;使形成即起草投降協(xié)議的章節(jié)→)
v. ~ (to sb/sth)1. 屈服,屈從;2. 投降
16. recapitulate/ˏriːkəˈpɪtʃuleɪt;ˏrikəˋpɪtʃəˏlet/(re- 再,capit 頭,-ul=-ule 小,capitul小頭→章,節(jié),-ate使形成;再以章或節(jié)敘述→再次重復(fù)要點(diǎn)→)
v.(formal) ~ (on sth) ~ sth to repeat orgive a summary of what has already been said, decided, etc:扼要重述;概括
Let's just recapitulate theessential points.
Let me just recapitulate (on) whatwe've agreed so far.
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