愛華網(wǎng)分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，具有動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中作定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。其否定形式是直接在前面加not。分詞的基本情況如下表所示：
類別
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
時(shí)間意義
語(yǔ)態(tài)意義
現(xiàn)在
分詞
一般式
Doing
Being done
與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)
或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生
根據(jù)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，
主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)意義
完成式
Having done
Having been done
發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前
根據(jù)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，
主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)意義
過去分詞
done
無
表示動(dòng)作完成
被動(dòng)意義
v-ing形式作定語(yǔ)
1. 單個(gè)的v-ing形式可以作前置定語(yǔ)，表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。
developing countries = countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國(guó)家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困擾人的問題
2. 作定語(yǔ)的v-ing形式如是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
裝著醋的那個(gè)瓶子應(yīng)送到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去
They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
3. 某些情況下，定語(yǔ)不能用v-ing形式，必須用定語(yǔ)從句。
① 作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作要與主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，如兩者不能同時(shí)發(fā)生的話，則需使用定語(yǔ)從句。
昨天來的教授將要給我們作一個(gè)講座。
【誤】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
② v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作狀語(yǔ)，不作定語(yǔ)。
被地震毀壞的廟宇很快就要重建了。
【誤】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
v-ed形式作定語(yǔ)
1. 單個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，作前置定語(yǔ)。
A watched pot never boils. 心急鍋不開。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.所有的壞門窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我們到達(dá)的時(shí)候，每人被發(fā)給了一份印制好的試卷。
提 示 如要表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，單個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ed形式也可作后置定語(yǔ)。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2. 帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定語(yǔ)，在語(yǔ)法上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
We have read many novels written by this author.
(= that are written by this author) 我們讀過這個(gè)作家寫的許多小說。
Half of the honored guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.
(= who had been invited to the reception)
被邀請(qǐng)到招待會(huì)上的貴賓有一半都是外國(guó)大使。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
(= which was attended by one thousand students)
這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學(xué)生出席了。
A woman dressed like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge.
(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
一個(gè)律師裝扮的女人走了進(jìn)來，并作為法官就座。
v-ing 和v-ed形式作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
1．及物動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作定語(yǔ)表示與被修飾名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，及物動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式表示與被修飾名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
The group called Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
The group calling itself Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
2．不及物動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示動(dòng)詞正在進(jìn)行，而v-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已完成。
the rising sun正在升起的太陽(yáng) the risen sun升起了的太陽(yáng)
boiling water正沸騰的水 boiled water開水
falling leaves正在飄落的葉子 fallen leaves落葉
changing condition變化著的情況 changed condition改變了的情況
developing countries發(fā)展中國(guó)家 developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家
不及物動(dòng)詞－ed形式只表示完成的意義，并不帶有被動(dòng)的含義。
an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped 逃犯
a retired worker = a worker who has retired 退休工人
a newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrived 新來的客人
【考例1】 There have been several new events __ _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.（06年北京卷） A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
解析 D。本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)用法，題干部分可改寫為：There have been several new events (that have been) added to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
【考例2】 Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title ___ to ordinary people for their contribution to environmental protection.（06年山東卷）
A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given
解析 C。題中a title是award的同位語(yǔ)，后接非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，因此可排除B,D兩項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞give與名詞title之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且根據(jù)句意，give并非表示正在進(jìn)行，因此用過去分詞作定語(yǔ)。答案為C。
l As adverbs
v-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞，其動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者與句子主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)一致。在句中表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)多位于句首；作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常位于句末。
1 表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
(= After we have made full preparations...)
2 表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill...)
3 表示結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and left him a lot of money.)
4 表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
=If you work hard at your lessons...
5 表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
= Although they knew all this...
6 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
= ...and stared at the sky for a long time
v-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。但其動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者與句子主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)一致。
1 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
(= When the city is seen from the tower...)
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
(= After he was completely examined...)
有時(shí)動(dòng)詞-ed形式前可加連詞when, while等來強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢復(fù)健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.
當(dāng)被問到為什么上課又遲到時(shí)，她羞愧地低下了頭。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦給這鐘上了發(fā)條，它就會(huì)走半個(gè)月，并且走得很準(zhǔn)。
2 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. (= As it was written in haste ...)
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
(= Because we were excited by...)
3 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
Heated, water changes into steam. (= If water is heated...)
Given more time, he would be able to do better. (= If he was given more time ...)
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.
(= If she was compared with other professors...)
4 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.
(= Even if he was laughed by ...)
為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動(dòng)詞讓步意義更加明顯，我們可以加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。
Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀請(qǐng)，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart.
Unless invited, he will not come back to the company.
5 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，通常位于句子的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.
(= and he was surrounded …)
He went into the office, followed by some children.
(= and he was followed by some children)
Tell the functions:
n Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
n Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.
n Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
n He went into the office, followed by many children.
【考例3】When ___ _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. （06年浙江卷）
A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared
解析 C。選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞compare與句子主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，根據(jù)語(yǔ)意選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞并非發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間。正確答案為C。
【考例4】 ___ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.（06年福建卷） A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed
解析 B。blame sb. for sth.意為因某事責(zé)怪某人，題中blame與主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因。 注意：在英語(yǔ)中有些表示說話人態(tài)度的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)已成為固定用語(yǔ)，不遵循其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子一致的原則。如：generally speaking總的來說；judging from根據(jù)……判斷； speaking of說到……；talking of談到……；considering考慮到。
